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Biology II: Exam 1 > Chapter 34 Part A: Circulatory System > Flashcards

Chapter 34 Part A: Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the vertebrate circulatory system?

A 
• Transportation 
   – Respiratory role 
   – Nutritive role
   – Excretory role
• Regulation
   – Hormones of endocrine system
   – Temperature regulation
• Protection
   – Blood clotting
   – Immune system
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2
Q

What are the components of the vertebrate circulatory system?

A 
• Blood & interstitial fluid 
• Blood vessels
  – Arteries, veins, & capillaries 
• Lymphatic system
• Heart
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3
Q

Blood & Interstitial Fluid

• Blood

A

– Composed of fluid plasma & “formed elements” (red & white blood cells, & cell fragments)
– Adult human has ~ 5.7 liters (1.5 gal) blood • ~ 55% is plasma
• ~ 45% is formed elements

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4
Q

Adult human has ~ __ liters of blood

A

5.7 liters (1.5 gal)

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5
Q

~1% of blood is plasma

~2% of blood is formed elements

A
  1. 55%

2. 45%

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6
Q

Blood & Interstitial Fluid

• Plasma

A

– 90% water
– 7-8% soluble proteins
• Albumins: (60% of sol. proteins) main contributor to osmotic pressure, transport molecule, & pH buffer
• Globulins: (36%) large, diverse family, includes immunoglobulins, transport globulins (lipoprotein)
• Fibrinogen: (4%) source of fibrin in blood clots
– 1% electrolyes: mostly sodium, chloride, bicarbonate
– 1-2% materials in transit: nutrients, metabolic intermediates, dissolved gasses, hormones
– Plasma minus the fibrinogen is serum

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7
Q 
Plasma is:
 _1_% water 
 _2_% soluble proteins
_3_% electrolytes 
_4_% materials in transit
A
  1. 90%
  2. 7-8%
  3. 1%
  4. 1-2%
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8
Q

_____ is the main contributor to osmotic pressure

A

Albumins

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9
Q

Plasma minus fibrinogen is _____

A

Serum

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10
Q

Blood & Interstitial Fluid
• Formed elements
– Red blood cells, or erythrocytes

A

• Contain hemoglobin, function in O2 transport, but also 20% of CO2
• In mammals, RBC’s lose nucleus and protein synthesizing machinery
– take on “biconcave shape” (30% more surface area than sphere)
– Live about 120 days
• Fraction of blood volume that is rbc’s is called the
hematocrit, ~45% in humans
• ~7-8μm in human, ~5,000,000 per mm3
• formed in red bone marrow, primarily of axial skeleton & girdles, proximal ends of femur & humerus; ~100 billion per day

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11
Q

Erythrocytes contain _______ that functions in 02 transport, but also 20% of C02

A

Hemoglobin

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12
Q

In ______, RBC’s lose nucleus and protein synthesizing

A

Mammals

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13
Q

“Biconcave shape” of RBC’s increase surface area by __%

A

30%

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14
Q

RBC’s live about ___ days

A

120 days

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15
Q

Fraction of blood volume that is RBC’s is called the ______, ~45% in humans

A

Hematocrit

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16
Q

RBC’s are ~__2__ small in humans

~__2__ per mm3

A
  1. 7-8μm

2. 5,000,000

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17
Q

How many RBC’s are formed per day in red bone marrow?

A

~100 billion per day

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18
Q

Blood & Interstitial Fluid
• Formed elements
– White blood cells, or leucocytes

A

• Nucleated, larger than rbc’s (~10-14μm)
• Commonly amoeboid, not confined to blood vessels like rbc’s
• 5 distinct types, names derived from staining properties (e.g., neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, etc.)
– Life spans vary with type: a few hours to years, most are a few days
• Defense against invading microorganisms and foreign bodies
– Including role in immune system
• ~5,000 per mm3 , so ~1/1000 frequency of rbc’s
• Also formed in red bone marrow, but some complete differentiation in lymphoid tissue

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19
Q

WBC’s are nucleated and __1__ in diameter, making them __2__ than RBC’s

A
  1. ~10-14μm

2. Larger

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20
Q

WBC’s life span vary with type, ranging from __1__ to __2__, though most are __3__

A
  1. A few hours
  2. Years
  3. A few days
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21
Q

WBC’s primary function is…

A

Defense against invading microorganisms and foreign bodies, including role in immune system

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22
Q

WBC’s frequency is ~____ per mm3

A

~5,000 per mm3, so ~1/1000 frequency of RBC’s

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23
Q

WBC’s are formed in red bone marrow, but some complete differentiation in ______ tissue

A

Lymphoid

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24
Q

Blood & Interstitial Fluid
• Formed elements
– Platelets (cell fragments)

A

• In mammals, membrane-bound cell fragments, anucleate
• Accumulate at site of broken blood vessel and form a plug
• Plug (clot) is reinforced by network of fibers of the protein fibrin, from fibrinogen of plasma
– Complex cascading series of steps
• Platelets “bud off” special bone marrow cells (called megakaryocytes), very large (~60 μm diameter)
• Platelets ~ 2-4 μm diameter, 250,000 – 400,000 per mm3
• Life span: 5 – 10 days

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25
Q

True or False: In mammals, platelets are anucleate

A

True

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26
Q

True or False: Platelets accumulate at site of broken blood vessel and form a plug (clot)

A

True

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27
Q

Platelets are ~____ in diameter

A

2-4 μm

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28
Q

Platelets frequency is ____-____ per mm3

A

250,000-400,000 per mm3

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29
Q

Platelets life is __-__ days

A

5-10 days

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30
Q

Blood & Interstitial Fluid

• Interstitial fluid

A

– The fluid that bathes the cells of the body
– “Forced out” of blood plasma by blood pressure in the capillaries
• Similar in composition to plasma but lacks large molecules
– ~ 12 liters in humans (c.f. ~5.7 liters of blood)

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31
Q

There is ~__ liters of interstitial fluid in humans

A

~12 liters (compared to ~5.7 liters of blood)

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32
Q

Blood Vessels

A
  • Arteries
  • Capillaries
  • Veins
  • Entire network forms ~60,000 miles in adult human
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33
Q

Entire network of blood vessels is ~______ miles in adult human

A

~60,000 miles

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34
Q

Blood Vessels

• Arteries

A

– Carry blood away from the heart [this is how arteries are defined, not on basis of oxygen levels]
– Branch into smaller tubes
– Smallest branches called arterioles
– Arterioles feed smallest blood vessels, the capillaries

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35
Q

Arteries carry blood _____ the heart

A

Away from

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36
Q

Smallest branches of arteries are called _____

A

Arterioles, which feed into capillaries

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37
Q

Blood Vessels

• Capillaries

A

– Smallest & most numerous blood vessels

– Site of material exchange

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38
Q

The site of material exchange is in the _____

A

Capillaries

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39
Q

Blood Vessels

• Veins

A

– Return blood from tissues to heart
– Smallest such vessels, on “downstream” side of capillaries, are called venules
– Larger return vessels are called veins

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40
Q

Veins carry blood _____ the heart

A

Back to, return blood from tissues to heart

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41
Q

Smallest branches of veins are called _____

A

Venules

42
Q

Blood Vessels

• Structure of arteries and veins

A

– Basic similarity
– From lumen of vessel outward (basically):
• Epithelium (endothelium), simple squamous
• Elastic fibers (more in arteries)
• Circular smooth muscle (arteries have thicker layer)
• Connective tissue

43
Q

True or False: There are more elastic fibers in veins

A

False, more in arteries.

44
Q

True or False: Arteries have a thicker layer of circular smooth muscle

A

True

45
Q

Blood Vessels

• Capillaries

A

– Only endothelium so very thin walls
– ~8 μm diameter (entire “tube” of a capillary), ~1 mm long
• 125 : 1, Length to Diameter
• So RBC’s (7-8 μm) must go through single file
– Although narrow, very abundant
• Total cross-sectional area exceeds that of arteries or veins
• So pressure and velocity are low
– Blood pressure “forces” some of fluid portion of blood out of capillary (through or between endothelial cells)
• RBC’s and larger molecules remain
• White blood cells are amoeboid and may exit
• Lipid soluble substances may exit
– Resulting osmotic gradient (soluble plasma proteins) returns some of fluid to capillaries exiting capillary bed

46
Q

Capillaries are only made of ______ so they have very thin walls

A

Endothelium

47
Q

Capillaries are ~1 in diameter

Entire “tube” of a capillary is ~2 in length

A
  1. ~8 μm diameter
  2. 1 mm long
    125 : 1, Length to Diameter
48
Q

True or False: The total cross-sectional area of arteries or veins exceeds that of capillaries

A

False, Total cross-sectional area of capillaries exceeds that of arteries or veins

49
Q

True or False: RBC’s are 7-8 μm so they must go through capillaries, which are ~8 μm, single file.

A

True

50
Q

The pressure and velocity are ___ in capillaries

A

Low

51
Q

Blood Vessels

• Venus return

A

– Blood pressure is low when blood exits capillaries so how does blood get back to heart?
• This low pressure is main force of venous return
• Veins have one-way valves that block flow back towards capillary bed
– Varicose veins are veins swollen by poor return due to faulty valves and lifestyle
• Veins tend to lie within major muscles, the contraction of which squeezes blood along veins
• Low pressure in veins created by relaxation of heart during normal contraction rhythm (diastole)
• Low pressure in chest cavity during inhalation also helps

52
Q

True or False: The main force of venous return is the high blood pressure.

A

False, low pressure is the main force

53
Q

______ veins are veins swollen by poor return due to faulty valves and lifestyle

A

Varicose

54
Q

True or False: Arteries usually lie within major muscles, the contraction of which squeezes blood along

A

False, Veins usually lie within major muscles, the contraction of which squeezes blood along veins

55
Q

Lymphatic system

A

• One-way system for draining tissues of excess interstitial fluid not recovered by venous end of capillary network; fluid called lymph
– ~3 liters per day in humans (so 3 L of 12 L total)
• Consists of:
• Lymphatic capillaries (slightly larger than blood
capillaries)
• Lymphatic vessels
• Lymph nodes
• Lymphatic organs (including spleen & thymus)
• Flow driven as for veins (one-way valves)
• In mammals, empties into venous system near the heart
• As lymph passes through lymph nodes (in series) it is “filtered” & exposed to lymphocytes (part of body’s defences)

56
Q

True or False: The lymphatic system is a one-way system for draining tissues of excess interstitial fluid not recovered by venous end of capillary network; fluid called lymph

A

True

57
Q

The lymphatic system drains ~__ liters of interstitial fluid per day in humans

A

~3 liters per day (so 3 L of 12 L total)

58
Q

As lymph passes through lymph nodes (in series) it is “filtered” & exposed to ___1___ (part of body’s defenses)

A

Lymphocytes

59
Q

____1____: caused by nematode worms that block lymph flow __2__ lymph nodes.

A
  1. Elephantiasis

2. Into

60
Q

Heart

A

• In adult mammal, heart has 4 chambers
– Left & right atria (sing. atrium), left & right ventricles
• 4 chambers arranged into 2 separate circuits
– Pulmonary circuit: to and from lungs
– Systemic circuit: to and from tissues of body
• Typically drawn as if viewed from ventral surface
– i.e., as if organism is lying on its back, head end up
– So left side of drawing is right side of heart, & vice versa
– Like shaking hands with someone

61
Q

The _______ circuit pumps blood to and from the lungs

A

Pulmonary

62
Q

The _______ circuit pumps blood to and from the tissues of the body

A

Systemic

63
Q

Heart

• Blood flow through heart

A

– DEOXYGENATED blood from major veins (superior & inferior vena cavae) enters right atrium
– Contraction of RIGHT atrium delivers blood through RIGHT AV (AtrioVentricular or TRIcuspid) valve into RIGHT ventricle
– Contraction of RIGHT ventricle delivers blood through PULMONARY semilunar valve into pulmonary ARTERY and hence to lungs
• Pulmonary artery carries DEOXYGENATED blood
– Blood returns to heart from lungs via pulmonary VEIN
• Pulmonary vein carries OXYGENATED blood
– Pulmonary vein delivers blood to LEFT atrium

64
Q

Heart
• Blood flow through heart
- “2nd half” starting when pulmonary vein delivers blood to LEFT atrium

A

– Contraction of LEFT atrium delivers blood through LEFT
AV (bicuspid or mitral) valve into LEFT ventricle
– Contraction of LEFT ventricle delivers blood through AORTIC semilunar valve to the aorta (dorsal aorta) and hence to tissues of the body
• Both atria fill and contract in UNISON, as do both ventricles
• Ventricles are STRONGER pumps than atria so are thicker muscle
• LEFT ventricle is STRONGER pump than right (pumping to entire body vs. lungs) so is thicker

65
Q

What type of blood enters the right atrium from the major veins (superior & inferior vena cavae)?

A

Deoxygenated

66
Q

I am blood in the RIGHT ventricle of the heart, where did I just come from and through what valve?

A

Came from the RIGHT atrium and passed through the RIGHT AtrioVentricular or TRIcuspid valve.

67
Q

True or False: Contraction of the RIGHT ventricle delivers blood through the AORTIC semilunar valve into the pulmonary VEINS.

A

False, Contraction of the RIGHT ventricle delivers blood through the PULMONARY semilunar valve into the pulmonary ARTERY.

68
Q

True or False: All veins carry deoxygenated blood, while all arteries carry oxygenated blood.

A

False, Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood, while the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood. All other veins and arteries are the opposite.

69
Q

The pulmonary vein delivers __1__ blood into the __2__ atrium.

A
  1. Oxygenated

2. Left

70
Q

True or False: Contraction of LEFT atrium delivers blood through LEFT AV (bicuspid or mitral) valve into LEFT ventricle

A

True

71
Q

Contraction of __1__ ventricle delivers blood through __2__ semilunar valve to the aorta (dorsal aorta) and hence to tissues of the body

A
  1. Left

2. Aortic

72
Q

True or False: Both atria fill and contract in UNISON, while both ventricles contract one after the other

A

False, both atria fill and contract in UNISON, as do both ventricles.

73
Q

Artia are __1__ (stronger/weaker) pumps than ventricles so are __2__ (thinner/thicker) muscle

A
  1. Weaker

2. Thinner

74
Q

True or False :LEFT ventricle is STRONGER pump than RIGHT (pumping to entire body vs. lungs) so is THICKER

A

True

75
Q

Heart

• Systole/Diastole

A

• Heart contraction is called SYSTOLE and relaxation is called DIASTOLE
– So there is atrial systole/diastole and ventricular systole/diastole

76
Q

Heart contraction is called _____

A

Systole (“syst” rhymes with “fist”)

77
Q

Heart relaxation is called _____

A

Diastole

78
Q

Heart

• Ventricular diastole

A

• During ventricular diastole (relaxation)
– Ventricles rebound, semilunar valves close (2nd heart sound, “dup”) preventing backflow into ventricles
– Atria fill, pressure there rises, AV valves open
– Blood moves from atria into ventricles
– Atria then contract, forcing more blood into ventricles
– Then a short pause

79
Q

Heart

• Ventricular systole

A

• During ventricular systole (contraction)
– Pressure in ventricles rises
– AV valves close (1st heart sound, “lub”), preventing backflow into atria
– Semilunar valves open
– Blood is forced into the …
• pulmonary artery (from right ventricle) and
• the aorta (from left ventricle)

80
Q

During ventricular diastole (relaxation): ventricles rebound, semilunar valves close, producing ___ (first/second) heart sound (“dup”), preventing backflow into ventricles

A

Second

81
Q

During ventricular systole (contraction): AV valves close, producing ___ (first/second) heart sound (“lub”), preventing backflow into atria

A

First

82
Q

Heart
• Electrical coordination of heart contraction
-Part 1

A

– Vertebrate cardiac muscle is myogenic
• i.e., it has an intrinsic contractile rhythm
– In mammal heart, the primary source of this rhythmicity is the sinoatrial node (SA node)
• a.k.a. “pacemaker”
• Located in wall of right atrium
• Specialized cardiac muscle cells
• Intrinsic rhythmicity is ~100 X per minute
• Derived from sinus venosus of heart of fish

83
Q

Vertebrate cardiac muscle is ______

A

Myogenic

84
Q

In mammal heart, the primary source of the intrinsic contractile rhythm is the….

A

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

85
Q

The sinoatrial node (SA node) is also know as the __1__ and is located in the wall of the __2__ atrium

A
  1. “Pacemaker”

2. Right

86
Q

The sinoatrial node produces an intrinsic rhythmicity ~___ times per minute

A

~100 X per minute

87
Q

Heart
• Electrical coordination of heart contraction
-Part 2

A

– Wave of depolarization originates in pacemaker (SA node)
• Spreads through right and left atria via gap junctions
• Right and left atria contract nearly simultaneously
– Connective tissue between atria and ventricles stops spread of contraction
– Spread is continued by atrioventricular (AV) “node”
• In interatrial septum just above right AV (tricuspid) valve
• AV node introduces a slight delay (~0.1 s), allows atria to complete contraction and delivery of blood to ventricles

88
Q

Heart
• Electrical coordination of heart contraction
-Part 3

A

– Contraction SIGNAL continued by AV bundle and Purkinje fibers to bottom of heart
• Signal transmitted down interventricular septum to muscle cells and “bottom” of ventricles
• AV bundle a.k.a. “bundle of His” (“hiss”)
• Fibers specialized for conduction of signal, much faster than muscle to muscle
– So, VENTRICULAR contraction begins at bottom and proceeds up the ventricles, squeezing blood into the arteries (pulmonary & aorta) at “top” of ventricles !
– Time elapsed from initiation (depolarization) by SA node until depolarization of last ventricular cardiac muscle cell is about 0.22 sec.

89
Q

Ventricular contraction begins at the __1__ (top/bottom) and proceeds __2__ (up/down) the ventricles, squeezing blood into the arteries (pulmonary & aorta) at “__3__” (top/bottom) of ventricles.

A
  1. Bottom
  2. Up
  3. Top
90
Q

Time elapsed from initiation (depolarization) by SA node until depolarization of last ventricular cardiac muscle cell is about ____ seconds

A

0.22 seconds

91
Q

Heart

• Electrocardiogram

A

– Abbreviated ECG or EKG
– Measures electrical signals from heart as a whole
– Typical pattern is 3 distinguishable DEFLECTION WAVES
– P wave
• Atrial contraction (depolarization)
– QRS wave
• Ventricular contraction (depolarization)
– T wave
• Ventricular recovery (repolarization)
• Atrial recovery is obscured by QRS wave
– Pattern can be used to identify diseased or damaged hearts

92
Q

ECG measures electrical signals from heart as a whole, the typical pattern is 3 distinguishable _____ ____

A

Deflection waves

93
Q

True or False: The P wave represents ventricular contraction (depolarization)

A

False, The P wave represents ATRIAL contraction (depolarization)

94
Q

True or False: The QRS wave represents ventricular contraction (repolarization)

A

Fasle, The P wave represents ventricular contraction (DEPOLARIZATION)

95
Q

The T wave represents ventricular ______

A

Recovery (repolarization)

96
Q

ECG can be used to identify __1__ or __2__ hearts

A
  1. Diseased
  2. Damaged
    - Don’t need to know specifics
97
Q

Heart

• Central nervous system control

A

– Property of autonomic nervous system
• Cardiac control centers in medulla oblongata
• Sympathetic “cardioacceleratory center”
• Parasympathetic “cardioinhibitory center”
– At rest, dominant effect of autonomic control is inhibitory
• Cut innervation (vagus nerve, parasympathetic) results in prompt rise in heart rate by about 25 beats/min, to about 100 beats/min (intrinsic rate of SA node)

98
Q

Autonomic control

A

• Sympathetic “cardioacceleratory center”
– Connects to SA & AV nodes and ventricle muscle
– Responds to fright, anxiety, excitement, exercise
– From medulla via motor neurons down spinal cord to heart
– Neurotransmitter is norepinephrine
• Parasympathetic “cardioinhibitory
center”
– Connects to SA & AV nodes primarily
– Can respond to grief, severe depression
– From medulla via vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)
– Neurotransmitter is acetylcholine, hyperpolarizes membranes by opening K+ channels

99
Q

The sympathetic nervous system is the “________ center”

(cardio-acceeleratory/cardio-inhibitory), can responds to fright, aniexty, excitement, exercise.

A

Cardioacceleratory

100
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is the “________ center”, can responds to grief, severe depression
(cardio-acceeleratory/cardio-inhibitory)

A

Cardioinhibitory

101
Q

True or False: The neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system is norepinephrine

A

True

102
Q

True or False: The neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine

A

True

Biology II: Exam 1 (4 decks)

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