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Biology II: Exam 1 > Chapter 27: Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Chapter 27: Animal Diversity Flashcards

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0
Q

Example of a good clade

A

Birds

-all birds descended from common ancestor that was a bird

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1
Q

Grade

A

-level of morphological organization wherein a group of organisms share a number of characteristics but may not owe them to a common ancestor

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2
Q

Clade

A
  • Complete branch of an evolutionary tree

- All members descended from a single common ancestor that is a member of the group.

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3
Q

Clade or Grade for Kingdom Animalia:

  • All animals are heterotrophs
    • heterotrophs obtain energy and organic molecules from other organisms, dead or alive
A

Grade

-many Protists are also ingestive heterotrophs

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4
Q

Examples of a good grade

A
  • “Cactus” growth form
  • Flight
  • Endothermy
  • Multicellularity
  • “Tree” growth form
  • Vertebrate “leglessness”
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5
Q

Clade or Grade for Kingdom Animalia:

-All animals are multicellular

A

Grade

-plants, fungi, protists, some prokaryotes have multicellularity

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6
Q

Clade or Grade for Kingdom Animalia:
-Animals held together by:
•Unique Extracellular matrix of collagen, proteoglycan, adhesive glycoprotein (fibronectin), and integrin
•Unique intercellular junctions

A

Clade

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7
Q

Clade or Grade for Kingdom Animalia:

-Animals typically show active movement

A

Grade

-many Protists and some prokaryotes are motile

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8
Q

Clade or Grade for Kingdom Animalia:

-Animals are species-rich and diverse form

A

Grade

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9
Q

Clade or Grade for Kingdom Animalia:

-Animals occupy all major habitats on earth

A

Grade

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10
Q

Clade or Grade for Kingdom Animalia:

-Most animals reproduce sexually

A

Grade

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11
Q

Clade or Grade for Kingdom Animalia:
-Most animals have a characteristic pattern of development.
Zygote->Cleavage->Blastula->Gastrula
-Unique Hox developmental genes

A

Clade

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12
Q

Clade or Grade for Kingdom Animalia:

  • Animals cells are organized into tissues
  • Muscle tissue and nervous tissue are unique
A

Clade

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13
Q

Synapomorphy characteristics for the Kingdom Animalia

A 
• Unique Extracellular matrix of collagen, proteoglycan, adhesive glycoprotein (fibronectin), and integrin
• Unique intercellular junctions
• Development includes a blastula
• Hox developmental genes 
• Muscle tissue and nervous tissue
  -sponges lack "true" tissues
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14
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A
  • Jellyfish
  • Anemones
  • Corals
  • ~10,000 species
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15
Q

Phylum Porifera

A

• Sponges
• ~8000 species
- Phyla Calcarea and Silicea in text

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17
Q

Phylum Acoela

A
  • “acoel flatworms”
  • formerly within Platyhelminthes
  • appear to be basal bilaterians
  • ~400 species
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18
Q

Phylum Rotifera

A
  • Rotifers or “wheel animals”
  • Microscopic
  • Mostly benthic and freshwater
  • ~1800 species
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19
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A
  • “flatworms” (planarians, flukes, tapeworms)
  • formerly included acoelomorph worms
  • ~20,000 species
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20
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A
  • Molluscs (snails, clams, octopuses, chitins, nudibranchs)

* ~100,000 living species

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21
Q

Phylum Annelida

A
  • Segmented worms
  • Mostly marine but includes earthworms and leeches
  • ~12,000 species
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22
Q

Phylum Anthropoda

A
  • Arthropods: millipedes, centipedes, spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks, crustaceans, insects
  • > 1,000,000 species named, true number may be 30x
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23
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A
  • Roundworms
  • Found pretty much everywhere, doing anything
  • ~20,000 species named, true number may be 100x
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24
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A
  • Echinoderms: sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, sea lilies
  • Start out bilateral symmetrical but have radial symmetry as adults
  • ~6,000 species
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25
Q

Phylum Chordata

A
  • Subphylum Tunicata
    • Urochordata: sea squirts and planktonic relatives
    • ~2,200 species
  • Subphylum Cephalochordata
    • Lancelets or amphioxus; fish-like, marine, burrowers
    • ~30 species
  • Subphylum Craniata
    • Vertebrates: lampreys, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
    • Hagfishes
    • ~54,000 species
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26
Q

How old are animals?

A

• Oldest unambiguous fossil animals:
- ~550 million years ago
• Molecular estimate:
- older, maybe 700 million to 1 billion years
• Compare with
- Age of Earth: 4.6 billion years
- 1st Prokaryotes: 3.5-3.9 billion years ago
- 1st Eukaryotes: 2.1 billion years ago

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27
Q

Cambrian Explosion

A
  • Relatively brief time in geologic history when many present-day phyla of animals first appeared in the fossil record
  • This burst of evolutionary change occurred about 535-525 million years ago and saw emergence of first large, hard-bodied animals
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28
Q

Four keys of the animal body plan

A
  • Evolution of tissues
  • Evolution of bilateral symmetry
  • Evolution of a body cavity
  • Evolution of deuterostome development
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29
Q

Evolution of tissues

A

• Tissue is group of similar cells organized into a structural and functional unit (and isolated from other tissues by a membranous layer)
• Sponges lack “true” tissues
- May have epidermis (pinacoderm)
- Closer to unicellular level of organization
• Cell types remain totipotent (ability to differentiate into other cell types)
- Sometimes called “Parazoa”
• Other animals have well-developed tissues (“Eumetazoa”)

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30
Q

Evolution of bilateral symmetry

A

• Asymmetry
- Lacking definite symmetry
- Characteristic of many sponges
• Radial symmetry
- Symmetry about a radius or diameter (starfish)
- Characteristic of Cnidaria and adult echinoderms
• Bilateral symmetry
- Right and left halves that are mirror images (humans)
- Have top and bottom (dorsal & ventral), front and back (anterior & posterior), and left and right
- “Bilateria”

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31
Q

Bilateria

A

• 3 germ layers
- Basic tissue layers in early embryo which develop into organs and tissues
- Endoderm, mesoderm, & ectoderm
- “Triploblastic”
- Radiata (Cnidaria & Ctenophora) are diploblastic
- Sponges have only 1 “germ layer”
• Cephalization
- Evolution of definite head and brain area
- Associated with greater levels of activity and greater coordination of that activity
- Sense organs and brain are located at anterior end

32
Q

Evolution of a body cavity (coelom)

A

• Coelom
- fluid- or air-filled space between digestive tract and outer body wall
• Advantages
- Gut can be longer, and can move independently of body wall (e.g., peristalsis)
- Allows space into which structures can expand (e.g., eggs in ovary)
- Provides a simple circulatory system, if fluid filled
- Provides a storage space for waste products, from which they me be discharged to outside via excretory ducts
- Provides a hydrostatic organ, if fluid filled

33
Q

Types of body cavities

A

• Acoelomate
- No body cavity
• Blastocoelomate(“Pseudocoelomate”)
- Cavity is between mesoderm and endoderm (e.g., Nematoda and Rotifera)
- Old name bad: not “false”, just different
• Coelomate
- Cavity is fully enclosed within mesoderm (e.g., mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, & chordates)
- Reduced in some and placed with “hemocoel or haemocel”
• Cavity is expansion of circulatory system

34
Q

Acoelomate

A
  • No body cavity
  • Space between the gut and the body wall is filled with a more or less solid mass of mesodermal tissue
  • E.g., Platyhelminthes, Acoela
35
Q

Blastocoelemate

A
  • Fluid-filled cavity between the gut and the mesoderm of the body
  • Developmental remnant of bastocoel
  • E.g., Nematoda & Rotifera, others
36
Q

Coelomate (Eucoelomate)

A
  • Fluid-filled cavity fully enclosed by mesoderm
  • Characteristic of “higher” Bilateria
  • E.g., Annelids, Molluscs, Arthropods..
37
Q

Protostome-Deuterostome differences

A
  • Cleavage
  • Source of mesoderm & formation of coelom
  • Fate of blastopore
  • Fate of embryonic cells
38
Q

Protostome or Deuterostome:

- Spiral Cleavage

A

Protostome

39
Q

Protostome or Deuterostome:

- Radial Cleavage

A

Deuterostome

40
Q

Protostome or Deuterostome:

  • Mesoderm comes from lip of blastopore
  • Coelom forms as split within mesoderm (schizocoely)
A

Protostome

41
Q

Protostome or Deuterostome:

  • Mesoderm comes from an “out pocketing” of the wall of the early guy (archenteron)
  • Coelom forms as the pocket “pinches off” (enterocoely)
A

Deuterostome

42
Q

Protostome or Deuterostome:

- Blastopore develops into the mouth

A

Protostomes ( “first” & “mouth”)

43
Q

Protostome or Deuterostome:

- Blastopore develops into the anus

A

Deuterostomes ( “second” & “mouth”)

44
Q

Protostome or Deuterostome:

  • Determinate (mosaic) development
    • Blastomeres lose totipotency with first cleavage division
A

Protostomes

45
Q

Protostome or Deuterostome:

  • Indeterminate (regulative) development
    • First few cleavage divisions yield totipotent daughter cells ( e.g.,monozygotic twins, triplets, …)
A

Deuterostomes

46
Q

“Old” view of animal phylogeny

A

Based on morphology and embryology

47
Q

“New” view of animal phylogeny

A

Based on genetic sequence data

48
Q

Similarities or difference between “old” & “new” views of animal phylogeny:
• Animals are a natural group
- monophyletic, a clade

A

Similarity

49
Q

Similarities or difference between “old” & “new” views of animal phylogeny:
• Sponges are basal animal

A

Similarity

50
Q

Similarities or difference between “old” & “new” views of animal phylogeny:
• There is a large clade, Eumetazoa
- have true tissues
- all but sponges & few others
- basal Eumetazoa typically diploblastic, with radial symmetry

A

Similarity

51
Q

Similarities or difference between “old” & “new” views of animal phylogeny:
• Most animal belong to clade Bilateria
- triploblastic & bilaterally symmetry
- “Cambrian explosion” was explosion of this clade

A

Similarity

52
Q

Similarities or difference between “old” & “new” views of animal phylogeny:
• Deuterostomia is a clade
- including Chordates & Echinoderms

A

Similarity

53
Q

Similarities or difference between “old” & “new” views of animal phylogeny:
• “Protostimes” consist of two major clades:
- Ecdysozoa
- Lophotrochozoa

A

Difference - old view

54
Q

Look at pictures and diagrams throughout the slides

A

Review last few slides

55
Q

Strong support for hypothesis that animals are derived from _______

A

Choanoflagellates

56
Q

The most diverse Phyla is _______

A

Arthropoda

57
Q

Ecdysozoa

A 
• Consists of Phyla:
  - Nematoda
  - Arthropoda
• Characterized by:
  - SHEDDING
  - Bilateral symmetry 
  - Triploblastic
58
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A 
Consists of Phyla:
  - Platyhelminthes 
  - Rotifera
  - Mollusca
  - Annelida
Characterized by:
  - Early lophophore feeding OR trochophore larva stage
  - Bilateral symmetry
  - Triploblastic
59
Q

Platyhelminthes and Acoela are _________ (acoelomate/blastocoleomate/eucoelomate)

A

Acoelomate

60
Q

Nematoda and Rotifers are _________ (acoelomate/blastocoleomate/eucoelomate)

A

Blastocoleomate

61
Q

Review the slides on Clades, Grades, & Taxa

A

Good luck

62
Q

Porifera (sponges) are ______ (asymmetric/radial symmetric/bilaterial symmetric)

A

Asymmetric

63
Q

Cnidaria (jellyfish, hydra) are ______ (asymmetric/radial symmetric/bilaterial symmetric)

A

Radial symmetric

64
Q

A clade is a __________ (synapomophy/symplesiomorphy)

A

Synapomophy

65
Q

Monophyletic taxon

A

– A set of species that includes the most recent common ancestor of the set, and all of the species descended from that common ancestor.
– A complete branch of an evolutionary tree (a clade).
– E.g., mammals

66
Q

Paraphyletic taxon

A

– A set of species that includes the most recent common ancestor of the set, and some but not all of the species descended from that common ancestor.
– An incomplete branch of an evolutionary tree
– Examples on slides

67
Q

Polyphyletic taxon

A

– A set of species that does not includes the most recent
common ancestor of the set.
– Parts of two different branches of an evolutionary tree.

68
Q

A set of species that includes the most recent common ancestor of the set, and SOME BUT NOT ALL of the species descended from that common ancestor?

A

Paraphyletic taxon

69
Q

A set of species that includes the most recent common ancestor of the set, and ALL of the species descended from that common ancestor?

A

Monophyletic taxon

70
Q

A set of species that does not include the most recent

common ancestor of the set?

A

Polyphyletic taxon

71
Q

True or False: Monophyletic taxon are an incomplete branch of an evolutionary tree (a clade)

A

False, Monophyletic taxon are an COMPLETE branch of an evolutionary tree (a clade)

72
Q

True or False: Polyphyletic taxon are an incomplete branch of an evolutionary tree

A

False, Paraphyletic taxon are an incomplete branch of an evolutionary tree

73
Q

Flipperoidea is an example of a ______ taxon

A

Polyphyletic taxon

74
Q

Synapomorphy

A
  • Shared, DERIVED character similarity

- Help identify monophyletic taxa (clades)

75
Q

Symplesiomorphy

A
  • Shared, ANCESTRAL similarity

- Likely lead to paraphyletic taxa

76
Q

Echinoderms have __________ symmetry in their adult life.

A

Radial

Biology II: Exam 1 (4 decks)

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