Chapter 34: Deuterostomes

Question 1

Phylum Echinodermata:
T/F: Most of them are marine, but few live on land

Answer 1

False - Echinodermata are exclusively marine.

Question 2

Phylum Echinodermata:
What type of symmetry do they have?

Answer 2

Pentaradial symmetry

Question 3

Phylum Echinodermata:
Do they have an endoskeleton? Explain.

Answer 3

Yes, they have an endoskeleton made of calcium carbonate plates and covered by living tissues.

Question 4

Phylum Echinodermata:
T/F: Larvae have radial symmetry and their origins are clear.

Answer 4

False - Echinodermata origin remains unclear and larvae are bilaterally symmetrical.

Question 5

Phylum Echinodermata:
What is the unique feature of echinoderms? Explain briefly

Answer 5

Echinoderms have a hydraulic system that aids in movement or feeding, aka water-vascular system.

Question 6

Phylum Echinodermata:
What type of symmetry do they have?

Answer 6

Pentaradial as adults - bilateral as larva

Question 7

Phylum Echinodermata:
T/F: All systems are organized with branches radiating from center

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Phylum Echinodermata:
T/F: The nervous system is a nerve ring without branches but with centralization of function.

Answer 8

False - The nervous system is a nerve ring WITH branches but WITHOUT centralization of function.

Question 9

Phylum Chordata:
T/F: Chordates and echinoderms have a similar endoskeleton.

Answer 9

False - They have a very different endoskeleton.

Question 10

Phylum Chordata:
T/F: Chordate endoskeleton is not internal.

Answer 10

False - Chordate endoskeleton is TRULY internal

Question 11

Phylum Chordata: Chordates:
What are the 4 characteristics that all chordates have at some time in their lives?

Answer 11

1) Nerve cord
2) Notochord
3) Pharyngeal slits
4) Post-anal tail

Question 12

Phylum Chordata: Chordates:
What other 2 characteristics distinguish chordates?

Answer 12

1) Chordate muscles are arranged in segmented blocks called SOMITES.
2) Most chordates have an internal skeleton against which the muscles work.

Question 13

Phylum Chordata: Chordates:
What are the 3 subphyla? (Indicate if they are nonvertebrate or not)

Answer 13

1) Urochordata (NV) - Notochord disappear - sessil - less developped
2) Cephalochordata (NV) - Notochord persist
3) Vertebrata - Notochord will transform into the vertebral column

Question 14

Phylum Chordata: Chordates: Vertebrata:
What are the 5 characteristics of Vertebrata?

Answer 14

1) Vertebral column that protects the nerve chord.
2) Cephalization and centralization that coordinates the body function
3) Better organized internal organs
4) Endoskeleton made of calcium phosphate (bones + cartilage)
5) Neural Crest cells (group of embryonic cells) - migrate to different body parts

Question 15

Phylum Chordata: Chordates: Vertebrata:
What are the 4 periods of history for vertebrates?

Answer 15

1) Cambium: Before- maybe no animals
2) Silurian: Water to land
3) Jurassic: Reptiles are dominant
4) Cretaceous: The extinction of dinosaurs

Question 16

Phylum Chordata: Chordates: Vertebrata: Fishes:
T/F: Fishes are the most diverse vertebrate group. And they consist of over half of all vertebrates.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Phylum Chordata: Chordates: Vertebrata: Fishes:
T/F: Fishes provided the evolutionary base for invasion of land by amphibians.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Phylum Chordata: Chordates: Vertebrata: Fishes:
What are the 5 characteristics of fish?

Answer 18

-1) Vertebral column (Hagfish and lamprey exceptions)
2) Jaws and paired appendages (Hagfish and lamprey exceptions)
3) Internal gills (respiratory)
4) Single-loop blood circulation
5) (-) Nutritional deficiencies (Inability to synthesize aromatic aa)

Question 19

Phylum Chordata: Chordates: Vertebrata: Fishes:
T/F: The development of the jaw occurred in the late Jurassic period with the rise of the first fishes.

Answer 19

False - The development of the jaw occurred in the late Silurian period. The first fishes had NO JAW (Agnatha and Ostracoderms)

Question 20

Phylum Chordata: Chordates: Vertebrata: Fishes:
T/F: Jaws evolved from the anterior gill arches of ancient, jawless fishes.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Phylum Chordata: Chordates: Vertebrata: Fishes:
What are the 2 major groups of bony fishes? (+ characteristics)

Answer 21

1) Ray-finned fishes (Actinpterygii) - Parallel bony rays - no muscles
2) Lobe-finned fishes (Sarcopterygii) - Long fleshy muscular lobe - the amphibian ancestors

Question 22

Phylum Chordata: Chordates: Vertebrata: Amphibians:
What are the 5 features of amphibians?

Answer 22

1) Legs
2) Lungs
3) Cutaneous respiration
4) Pulmonary veins
5) Partially divided heart

Question 23

Phylum Chordata: Chordates: Vertebrata: Amphibians:
What are the 5 adaptations for the successful invasion of land by vertebrates?

Answer 23

1) Legs to support body’s weight
2) Lungs to extract oxygen from air
3) Redesigned heart
4) Reproduction was still in water
5) System to prevent whole body desiccation

Question 24

Phylum Chordata: Chordates: Vertebrata: Amphibians:
Name 2 of the first amphibians and specify their common ancestor.

Answer 24

1) Ichthyostega (moved like a seal)
2) Tiktaalik
Lobe-finned fish - common ancestor

Question 25

Phylum Chordata: Chordates: Vertebrata: Reptilia: What are the 3 key features that living reptilians exhibit?

Answer 25

1) Amniotic eggs (watertight) 2) Dry skin (prevents water loss) 3) Thoracic breathing (increases lung capacity)

Question 26

Phylum Chordata: Chordates: Vertebrata: Reptilia: What are the 4 membranes of an amniotic egg?

Answer 26

1) Chorion - gas exchange 2) Amnion - encases embryo 3) Yolk sac - provides food 4) Allantois - contains excreted wastes