Chapter 33: Protostomes Flashcards
What are the two main groups of protostomes?
1) Lophotrochozoa
2) Ecdysozoa
Lophotrochozoa:
What are their 3 characteristics?
1) Embryos develop using spiral cleavage
2) Most live in water
3) Move using cilia/ contraction of the body’s musculature
Lophotrochozoa:
What are their 2 characteristic structures? (some of them)
1) Trochophore: a free-living larva (worm-like)
2) Lophophore: a horseshoe-shaped crown of ciliated tentacles surrounds the mouth used in filter-feeding
Ecdysozoa:
What are the 2 main groups of ecdysozoans?
1) Arthropods
2) Nematodes
Ecdysozoa:
What animals it contains?
It contains animals that molt and have an exoskeleton (hard external skeleton)
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms):
What are their 5 characteristics?
1) Ciliated
2) Soft-bodied
3) Acoelomate animals
4) Many are parasitic others are free-living
5) Lives in marine, freshwater, moist terrestrial
T/F: Anus is an evolutionary feature.
True
T/F: Even though the coelom is an evolutionary feature it was not always kept
True
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms):
What do they have? (5)
1) Incomplete/ primitive digestive cavity
2) Tissues
3) Complex reproductive system
4) Undeveloped eyespot
5) A mouth with a pharynx that contracts and decomposes food
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms):
What do they lack?
1) Coelom
2) organs
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms):
How do they breathe?
By diffusion
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms):
How do the spread food to the body?
They use vacuoles (phagocytosis)
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms):
How do they get rid of the waste?
Either by diffusion or by mouth
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms):
What are the consequences of having eyespots?
Directional movement and semi-cephalization
T/F: Not all animals have muscles
False - All animals have muscles but the can be from different type of mesoderm
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms):
T/F: They are hermaphroditic
True - Gross fertilize
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms):
All and all they win the title of _______
successful (reproduce a lot)
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Rotifera (wheel animals):
T/F: They are coelomates
False - They are pseudocoelomates
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Rotifera (wheel animals):
What is the function of their pseudo coelom?
Hydrostatic skeleton
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Rotifera (wheel animals):
What is the corona and what do they use it for?
Corona: Conspicuous (clearly visible) ring of cilia at anterior end.
They are used for locomotion and filter-feeding
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Rotifera (wheel animals):
T/F: They have human-like legs
FALSE - They have a sort of toes that releases adhesive material
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Rotifera (wheel animals):
All and all they win the title of _______
First phylum with anus
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Mollusca:
What are their 7 characteristics?
1) Have a small coelom
2) Live in water/moist habitat
3) Some have shells some don’t
4) Most are soft-bodied
5) Large range
6) Important source of human food
7) Economically significant
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Mollusca:
All and all they win The TWO titles:
1) _______
2) _______
1) Second in diversity
2) Most useful to humans
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Mollusca:
T/F: They have only 1 shell
False - The may have no shell,1 or 2 (bi-valves => laterally)
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Mollusca:
What are their 7 body parts + function?
1) Visceral mass - where organs are
2) Mantle (dorsal side) - Protect organs, secrete calcium phosphate to make the shell if present
3) Complete gut
4) Small coelom
5) nephridium - under-developed excretory system
6) Foot - secrete mucus, contractions, food
7) Radula near the mouth - breaks down food
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Nemertea (Ribbon worms):
T/F: They do not have a coelom.
False - They have a Rhynchocoel that acts like a coelom.
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Nemertea (Ribbon worms):
What are the characteristics of Rhynchocoel?
1) Cavity that have muscles around it
2) Contracts
3) Capture prey
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Nemertea (Ribbon worms):
What are the differences between them and flatworms?
They have a complete gut && they have the Rhynchocoel.
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Nemertea (Ribbon worms):
All and all they win the title of _______:
The LLOONNGGEESSTT animal alive
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Annelid:
What is the doubt in this phylum?
The may not be monophyletic
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Annelid:
What are their 2 specialties?
1)The are segmented with each separation called septa
2) Have a cephalization and by that an increase in control and having eyes
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Annelid:
What do they have well-developed?
A head with a well-developed cerebral ganglion (cephalization)
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Annelid:
T/F: All organs are repeated in each septa.
False - Each segment has a pair of excretory organs, a ganglion, and locomotory structure.
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Annelid:
T/F: They do not have a circulatory system.
False - They have a closed but not segmented circulatory system.
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Annelid:
T/F: They have several hearts
True
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Annelid:
T/F: Annelids are hermaphroditic.
True
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Annelid:
What is the structure that helps Annelids move?
Setae are bristles of chitin used in locomotion.
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Annelid:
What is the key for Annelid’s copulation?
Mucus to hold two of them together
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Annelid:
What is an example of Annelids and what is its advantages?
Leech - secrete an anticoagulant
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Annelid:
All and all Annelids win the title of _______:
Segmented animal with cephalization
Lophotrochozoa - Bryozoa and Brachiopoda phyla:
What do they have in common?
1) Have lophophores
2) Have a u shaped row of ciliated tentacles (gas exchange, filter feeding and motion)
3) May be convergent evolution
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Bryozoa (moss animals):
What are the Bryozoan’s 4 characteristics?
1) Live in colonies
2) Mouth near the anus
3) Both sexual and asexual reproduction (budding off)
4) Secrete a tiny chitinous chamber called a zoecium using the mantle
Lophotrochozoa - phylum Brachiopoda (lamp shells):
What are the Brachiopoda 4 characteristics?
1) Have lophophores inside them
2) Have 2 shells dorso-ventrally (unlike bi-valves)
3) Some of them have a pedicle some of them not
4) Can be sessile or not
Ecdysozoa - phylum Nematoda:
What are their 5 characteristics?
1) Abundant and diverse
2) pseudocoelomates
3) Bilaterally symmetrical
4) Thick cuticle that is molted as they grow
5) Well developed digestive system (Stylets - pharynx - Anus)
Ecdysozoa - phylum Nematoda:
Name a type that can harm humans (indicate all the details)
Trichinella that can cause trichinosis (forms cysts in muscles) comes from eating undercooked meat
Ecdysozoa - Phylum Arthropods:
How many classes and what are they + small definition? (4)
1) Chelicerata - anterior chelicera (pincers or fangs)
2) Crustacea - biramous appendages - two pairs of antennae
3) Hexapoda - uniramous appendages - 3 body parts - 1 pair of antennae
4) Myriapoda - pair of antennae - PAIRED uniramous appendages
Ecdysozoa - phylum Arthropods:
What are the 3 key aspects of their success? Explain each one of them.
1) Segmentation (In some classes specialized into tagmata)
2) Exoskeleton - Made of chitin and proteins that protects against water loss and that must molt.
3) Jointed appendages - that can be modified into antennae, mouthparts or wings and that can be extended or retracted
