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Biology 202 > Chapter 32: Animal Diversity and the Evolution of Body Plans > Flashcards

Chapter 32: Animal Diversity and the Evolution of Body Plans Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 9 general features of Animals?

A
  1. Heterotrophy
  2. Multicellularity
  3. No cell walls
  4. Active movement
  5. Diversity of form
  6. Diversity of habitat
  7. Sexual reproduction
  8. Embryonic development
  9. Tissues
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2
Q

Define Heterotrophy

A

Heterotrophy: Obtain energy and organic molecules by ingesting other organisms

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3
Q

Define embryonic development

A

Zygote first undergoes a series of mitotic divisions called cleavage, which produces a ball of cells called a blastula.

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4
Q

What are the types of heterotrophs?

A
  1. Herbivores
  2. Carnivores
  3. Omnivores
  4. Detritivores
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5
Q

The herbivores consume _______

A

Autotrophs

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6
Q

The carnivores consume _______

A

Heterotrophs

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7
Q

The omnivores consume _______

A

Both Autotrophs & Heterotrophs

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8
Q

The detritivores consume _______

A

Decomposing organisms

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9
Q

DNA data has been used to build _______

A

Phylogenies (history tree)

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10
Q

Phylogenies confirm that animals are _______

A

monophyletic (closely related)

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11
Q

What are the two types and their definition of animal movement?

A
  1. Sessile: Animals that cannot move from place to place
  2. Sedentary: Animals that move slowly or rarely
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12
Q

Define phyla

A

Phyla: Primary grouping consisting of animals constructed on a similar general plan and thought to be evolutionary related

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12
Q

Define phyla

A

Phyla: Primary grouping consisting of animals constructed on a similar general plan and thought to be evolutionary related

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13
Q

What are the five key innovations of animal evolution?

A
  1. Symmetry
  2. Tissues
  3. Body cavity
  4. Patterns of development
  5. Segmentation
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14
Q

Cells of most animals are organized into _______ and _______ units called _______.

A

structural, functional, tissues

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15
Q

What is the cycle of the blastula?

A

Blastula folds inward => form a hollow sac with an opening at one end called BLASTOPORE

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16
Q

Evolution of symmetry

A

◾Sponges lack any definite symmetry.
◾Virtually all other animals have a symmetry defined along an imaginary axis drawn through the animal’s body.

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17
Q

What are the two types of symmetry?

A
  1. Radial symmetry
  2. Bilateral symmetry
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18
Q

What is radial symmetry?

A

Body parts arranged around central axis
Can be divided into two equal halves by any plane that passes through the center

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19
Q

What is bilateral symmetry?

A

A body has right and left halves that are mirror image
Only SAGITTAL plane bisects the animal into 2 equal halves

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20
Q

What are the advantages of a BILATERAL symmetry?

A

Cephalization and Directional movement

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21
Q

Define CEPHALIZATION

A

Evolution of a definite brain area

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22
Q

Zygotes are _______

A

Totipotent

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23
Q

Define TOTIPOTENT

A

Can give rise to all other body cells

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24
Q

With embryo development comes …

A

Cells specialization

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25
Q

The process of _______ _______ is _______ except in _______

A

Cell specialization, irreversible, sponges

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26
Q

What are the simplest animals?

A

Sponges

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27
Q

What is NOT present in the simplest animals?

A

Defined tissues and organs are not present in sponges

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28
Q

Sponges have the ability to …

A

disaggregate and aggregate their cells

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29
Q

All animals other than sponges have …

A

Distinct and well-defined tissues
Irreversible differentiation for most cell types

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30
Q

Define triploblastic

A

Animals that have embryos produce 3 germ layers

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31
Q

What are the 3 germ layers from the inside to the outside in a triploblastic?

A

a) Inner endoderm (digestive organs and intestines)
b) Middle mesoderm (skeleton and muscles)
c) Outer ectoderm (body coverings and nervous system)

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32
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

Skeleton and muscles

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33
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

digestive organs and intestines

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34
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

body coverings and nervous system

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35
Q

What type of symmetry do triploblastic animals have?

A

Bilateral symmetry

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36
Q

What type of cavities are the cnidarians? and what does it mean?

A

They are diploblastic <=> Have an endoderm and an ectoderm

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37
Q

Do sponges have germ layers?

A

NO

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38
Q

Define: Body cavity

A

Body cavity: space surrounded by mesoderm tissue that is formed during development

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39
Q

What are the 3 basic kinds of body plans?

A
  1. Acoelomates
  2. Pseudocoelomates
  3. Coelomates
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40
Q

In Acoelomates:

A

No body cavity

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41
Q

In pseudocoelomates:

A

Body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm called PSEUDOCOELOM

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42
Q

In coelomates:

A

Body cavity entirely within the mesoderm called COELOM

43
Q

What made the development of advanced organ systems possible?

A

The body cavity

44
Q

What did coelomates develop? and what is it’s function?

A

Coelomates developed a circulatory system : to flow nutrients and remove waste

45
Q

How many types of circulatory systems exist?

A

2 - Open and closed

46
Q

Define Open circulatory system

A

Blood passes from vessels into sinuses, mixes with body fluids and reenters the vessels.

47
Q

Define Closed circulatory system

A

Blood moves continuously through vessels that are separated from body fluids

48
Q

What is the difference between Open and closed circulatory system?

A

Open: blood mixes with body fluids, Closed: blood DO NOT mix with body fluids

49
Q

What is the basic pattern of development?

A

Bilaterian

50
Q

Bilaterian pattern of development steps

A

Cleavage of the egg forms a hollow ball of cells called the blastula
(that indents to form a two-layer-thick ball with blastopore and archenteron)

51
Q

Blastopore

A

Opening to outside

52
Q

Archenteron

A

Primitive body cavity

53
Q

How many groups of Bilaterians exist?

A

2 - Protostomes and Deuterostomes

54
Q

Define PROTOSTOMES

A

Protostomes are bilaterians that develop the mouth from or near the blastopore ( Anus if present develops either from blastopore or another region of embryo)

55
Q

Define DEUTEROSTOMES

A

Deuterostomes are bilaterians that develop the anus first from the blastopore (Mouth develops later from another region of the embryo)

56
Q

Difference between protostomes and deuterostomes:
1) Cleavage pattern of embryonic cells

A

a) Protostomes => Spiral cleavage (right or left)

b) Deuterostomes => Radial cleavage (top)

57
Q

Spiral cleavage

A

New cells form to the right or left of previous cells.

58
Q

Radial cleavage

A

New cells form on top of previous cells.

59
Q

Difference between protostomes and deuterostomes:
2) Development fate of cells

A

a) Protostomes => Determinate development (cell fate is determined early)

b) Deuterostomes => Indeterminate development (cell fate is not determined until after several divisions)

60
Q

Difference between protostomes and deuterostomes:
3) Formation of the coelom

A

a) Protostomes => Cells move apart to form the coelom

b) Deuterostomes => Group of cells punch off to form the coelom

61
Q

What are the two advantages of segmentation?

A

1) Allows redundant organ systems in adults such as occurs in the annelids.

2) Allow for more efficient and flexible movement because each segment can move independently.

62
Q

Multicellular animals are divided into distinct _______

A

Phyla

63
Q

How many branches are the metazoans (Kingdom Animalia) divided into? and what are they?

A

2 main branches - Parazoa and Eumetazoa

64
Q

Parazoa

A

no true tissues - sponges - lack a definite symmetry - monophyletic (most recent common ancestor and all its descendants)

65
Q

Eumetazoa

A

True tissues - Animals other than sponges - have a definite symmetry - cnidaria and Bilateria

66
Q

Cnidaria

A

Branch off evolutionary tree BEFORE Bilateria.
They have radial symmetry.

67
Q

Going to Bilateria, how did protostomes and deuterostomes change ?

A

Phylogeny of protostomes has changed due to molecular data
Phylogeny of deuterostomes has not changed much

68
Q

What previous phylogenies were based on?

A

The evolution of coelom

69
Q

T/F: All protostomes have coeloms

A

False - Protostomes are variable

70
Q

T/F: All deuterostomes have coeloms

A

True

71
Q

Complex bodies are _______ _______

A

Well defined

72
Q

Define sexual reproduction

A

fusion of 2 haploid gametes

73
Q

When we are going from zygote to differentiated cells we have a decrease in _______ and an increase in _______

A

Potency (totipotent => pluripotent => multipotent => differentiated )

cells (tissue => organ => system)

74
Q

T/F: All animals have segmentation

A

False - some of them have it, some of them not

75
Q

How many groups are protostomes divided into? And what are they?

A

2 groups - Lophotrochozoans and Ecdysozoans

76
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of lophotrochozoans?

A

1) Grow by gradual addition to the body mass
2) Have spiral cleavage

77
Q

What is the characteristic of Ecdysozoans?

A

They molt (undergo ecdysis) (shedding their skin)

NB: Ecdysozoans include the arthropods

78
Q

What groups do deuterostomes include?

A

Chordates and echinoderms

79
Q

How do deuterostomes divisions differ from protostomes divisions?

A

1) Deuterostomes consist of fewer phyla and species
2) They are more uniform in many ways, despite great differences

80
Q

Scientists USED to rely on _______ _______ to classify animals.

A

Body cavities

81
Q

What phylum is within the branch Parazoa?

A

Porifera (Sponges (most abundant in the deep ocean) )

82
Q

What are the 3 sponge characteristics?

A

1) Most lack symmetry
2) Various growth forms
3) Cell types ( Truly multicellular - 3 functional layers in a vase-shaped body )

83
Q

What are the various growth forms of sponges?

A

1) Larval sponges => free-swimming
2) Sessile => adults remain attached

84
Q

What are the characteristics of metazoans?

A

a) True tissues
b) Distinct layers (endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm only in bilateral animals)
c) True body symmetry (Radial - Bilateral)

85
Q

Name 2 types of diploblastic.

A

Cnidarians & Ctenophores

86
Q

Eumetazoa, Phylum Ctenophora:
What are they known as?

A

Comb jellies, sea walnuts, sea gooseberries

87
Q

Eumetazoa, Phylum Ctenophora:
What are they formed of?

A

1) 8 comb-like plates of fused cilia that beat in a coordinated fashion
2) 2 tentacles covered with colloblasts that discharge a strong adhesive used to capture prey

NB: Many bioluminescent

88
Q

Eumetazoa, Phylum Ctenophora:
What is their phylogenetic position?

A

Unclear

89
Q

Eumetazoa, Phylum Ctenophora:
What do they lack?

A

Nematocysts (venom)

90
Q

Eumetazoa, Phylum Ctenophora:
T/F: Ctenophores are structurally less complex than cnidarians

A

False - Ctenophores are structurally MORE complex than cnidarians

91
Q

Eumetazoa, Phylum Cnidaria:
T/F: They have distinct tissues and few organs.

A

False - They have distinct tissues but NO organs (aka no organ systems)

92
Q

Eumetazoa, Phylum Cnidaria:
T/F: They don’t have a concentrated nervous system.

A

True

93
Q

Eumetazoa, Phylum Cnidaria:
What do they have?

A

1) Latticework of nerve cells
2) Touch gravity light receptors

94
Q

Eumetazoa, Phylum Cnidaria:
How do they catch their prey?

A

With their UNIQUE venom called nematocytes

95
Q

Eumetazoa, Phylum Cnidaria:
What are the 2 basic body forms of cnidarians? Mention their characteristics

A

1) Polyps: Cylindrical and sessile
2) Medusae: umbrella-shaped and free living

NB: Many alternate between these two phases.

96
Q

Eumetazoa, Phylum Cnidaria:
What is the body plan of cnidarians formed of?

A

1) Single opening leading to gastrovascular cavity
2) 2 layers to body wall

97
Q

Eumetazoa, Phylum Cnidaria:
What are the 5 roles of the cnidarian gastrovascular cavity?

A

1) Site of digestion
2) Most gas exchange
3) Waste Discharge
4) Formation of gametes in many
5) Hydrostatic skeleton ( Provides a rigid structure against which muscles can operate & Gives the animal shape)

98
Q

Eumetazoa, Phylum Cnidaria:
What are their 3 layers?

A

-Epidermis
Mesoglea (as a glue)
-Gastrodermis

99
Q

Eumetazoa, Phylum Cnidaria:
T/F: Many polyp species build an exoskeleton of chitin or calcium carbonate around themselves. Some build an internal skeleton.

A

True

100
Q

The Bilateria:
What are their characteristics?

A

1) Bilateral symmetry
2) Allowed for high level of specialization.

101
Q

The Bilateria:
Into how many clades they are divided? What are they?

A

2 clades:
1) Protostomes and deuterostomes
2) Acoel Flatworms

102
Q

Define clades

A

group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants

103
Q

Phylum Acoela:
What were acoel flatworms once considered?

A

Basal members of the phylum Platyhelminthes.

104
Q

Phylum Acoela:
What are their characteristics?

A
  • Primitive nervous system
  • Lack of digestive cavity
105
Q

Phylum Acoela:
What is the consequence of the absence of a digestive cavity?

A

The mouth leads to a solid digestive syncytium (a mass of cells that have no cell membranes separating them).

106
Q

Try to explain a few points for yourself

A

.

Biology 202 (6 decks)

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