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Biology AP > Chapter 34: Circulation and Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Chapter 34: Circulation and Gas Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

what is gas exchange?

A

the uptake of molecular O2 from the environment and the discharge of CO2 to the environment

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2
Q

what oxygen taken from the environment used for?

A

it is used as the final electron acceptor in the ETC

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3
Q

what is partial pressure?

A

the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

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4
Q

what is the partial pressure of oxygen?

A

0.21 x the atmospheric pressure

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5
Q

what does partial pressure apply to?

A

gasses dissolved in liquid

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6
Q

what happens when water is exposed to gas?

A

an equilibrium is reached in which the partial pressure of each gas is in the same in the water and the air

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7
Q

what way does a gas flow?

A

a gas always undergoes net diffusion from a region of higher partial pressure to a region of lower partial pressure

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8
Q

what are lungs?

A

infolding of the body surface, usually divided into numerous pockets

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9
Q

how does the circulatory system affect the lungs?

A

transports gases between the lungs and the rest of the body

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10
Q

is the air that goes in the mouth the same or different from the air in the lungs? explain why.

A

it different because the air is filtered prior to entering the lungs. diffusion of gases also occurs.

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11
Q

what conveys air to the lungs?

A

system of branching ducts

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12
Q

what happens to the air inhaled through the nose?

A

a large amount of air is inhaled through the nostrils. this air is warmed, humidified, and sampled for odors

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13
Q

how is the air inhaled filtered?

A

through cilia (nose hair). it catches pathogens and other harmful substances. we then sneeze this out. the cilia does a sweeping motion which catches mucus, and the pathogens.

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14
Q

what does the pharynx do?

A

directs air to the lungs and food to the stomach

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15
Q

what does the epiglottis do?

A

swallowing tips the epiglottis over the glottis in the pharynx, to prevent food from entering the trachea

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16
Q

where does air go from the pharynx (list all the steps)?

A

air passes through the pharynx, larynx, the trachea, the bronchi, bronchioles, to the alveoli

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17
Q

what is the larynx?

A

voice box - houses vocal folds, and manipulates pitch and volume

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18
Q

what is the trachea?

A

wind pipe

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19
Q

what is the bronchi?

A

airways that lead from the trachea into the lungs

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20
Q

what are bronchioles?

A

air passes inside the lungs that branch off like trees from the bronchi - delivers air to the tiny sacs

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21
Q

what are alveoli?

A

tiny air sacs in your lungs that take up the O2 you breathe in and keep your body going. this is where the gas exchange happens

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22
Q

what moves particles up to the pharynx?

A

cilia and mucus

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23
Q

what lines epithelium?

A

cilia and mucus

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24
Q

what is the epithelium?

A

skin

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25
Q

what is the mucus escalator?

A

the mucociliary escalator is inside of the conducting airways and is made up of mucus and cilia, which moves the mucus up and out of the lungs where it can be expelled by coughing or swallowing

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26
Q

what is the function of the mucus escalator?

A

cleans the respiratory system and allows particles to be swallowed into the esophagus

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27
Q

what happens if there is thicker mucus?

A

if there is thicker mucus, it is harder to go up the mucus escalator, which makes it harder to cough

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28
Q

what happens in the alveoli?

A

gas exchange

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29
Q

what happens to O2 in the alveoli?

A

O2 diffuses through the moist film of epithelium and into capillaries

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30
Q

what happens to CO2 in the alveoli?

A

CO2 diffuses from the capillaries across the epithelium and into the air space

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31
Q

what are the characteristics of alveoli?

A

they lack cilia and are susceptible to contamination

32
Q

what are surfactants?

A

secretions that coat the surface of the alveoli

33
Q

what is the purpose of surfactants?

A

this substance lowers surface tension, which keeps the alveoli from collapsing after exhalation and makes breathing easy.

34
Q

does babies have extra or less surfactants that usual? what is the treatment?

A

preterm babies lack surfactants and are vulnerable to respiratory distress syndrome; treatment is provided by artificial surfactants

35
Q

what process ventilates the lungs?

A

breathing - the alternate inhalation and exhalation of air

36
Q

how to mammals ventilate their lungs?

A

negative pressure breathing

37
Q

what is negative pressure breathing?

A

when you breathe in, the pressure in the lung decreases (because lung expands), so air rushes into the lung. when gas enters a small container (ie. the lung), the pressure increases, so CO2 rushes

38
Q

what is the diaphragm?

A

a thin skeletal muscle that sits at the base of the chest and separates the abdomen from the chest. It contracts and flattens when you inhale. this creates a vacuum effect that pulls air into the lungs. when you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and the air is pushed out of lungs

39
Q

can you survive without a diaphragm?

A

no because without you would not be able to inflate the lungs

40
Q

what is the relationship between volume and pressure in the lungs?

A

it is an inverse relation. increase in volume means decrease in pressure and vice versa. this only happens at equilibrium in the PV=nRT formula

41
Q

what are the intercostal muscles?

A

muscles between the ribs - relax and contract to allow rib cage to change shape / size

42
Q

what is tidal volume? what is max tidal volume called?

A

the volume of air inhaled with each breath. the max tidal volume is called the vital capacity.

43
Q

what is residual volume?

A

after exhalation it is the volume of air that remains in the lungs. if you lose that volume, it is hard to get the lung to expand anymore.

44
Q

what is depleted residual air?

A

each inhalation mixes fresh air with O2

45
Q

what is a result of depleted residual air?

A

the max PO2 in alveoli is considerably less than in the atmosphere.

46
Q

where is the main breathing control centre? what does it consist of?

A

in the medulla oblongata (near the base of the brain). it consists of neural circuits

47
Q

what does the medulla regulate? why?

A

regulates rate and depth of breathing in response to pH changes in cerebrospinal fluid.

48
Q

how does changes in pH of the csf happen?

A

because of CO2 (combines with water to become an acidic solution)

49
Q

what does the medulla adjust to match metabolic demands?

A

rate and depth of breathing rate

50
Q

explain homeostasis of blood diagram.

A

notes

51
Q

where are the sensors that monitor O2 and CO2 concentrations?

A

aorta and carotid arteries. these sensors exert secondary control over breathing.

52
Q

what does the metabolic demands of organisms require?

A

that the blood transport large quantities of O2 and CO2

53
Q

what concentration does blood arriving in the lungs have in terms of air components?

A

low O2 concentration and high CO2 concentration relative to air in the alveoli

54
Q

what happens to the O2 and CO2 concentration in the alveoli?

A

O2 diffuses into the blood and CO2 diffuses into the air

55
Q

what do partial pressure gradients favour in the tissue capillaries?

A

diffusion of O2 into the interstitial fluid and CO2 into the blood

56
Q

what are respiratory pigments?

A

circulate in blood and greatly increase the amount of O2 that is transported. they reflect light.

57
Q

what does respiratory pigments consist of mostly?

A

metal (iron) bound to a protein

58
Q

what is the most common respiratory pigment?

A

hemoglobin

59
Q

what can a hemoglobin carry?

A

a single hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 molecules of O2, one molecule for each iron containing heme group.

60
Q

is the binding of O2 reversible or irreversible? why?

A

reversible. it can release the O2 in other parts of the body

61
Q

how does O2 bind to hemoglobin? explain.

A

hemoglobin binds to O2 cooperatively. when O2 binds one subunit, the others change shape slightly, resulting in their increased affinity for O2.

62
Q

does CO2 lower or increase pH?

A

lower

63
Q

what is Bohr Shift?

A

CO2 decreases the affinity of hemoglobin to O2

64
Q

how does CO2 bind to hemoglobin?

A

cooperatively.

65
Q

is the binding of CO2 reversible or irreversible. why?

A

irreversible. this is because when CO2 binds, there is a change in shape and attraction. so the CO2 doesn’t leave the hemoglobin molecule.

66
Q

how is CO2 transported?

A

most of the CO2 from respiring cells diffuses into the blood and is transported in blood plasma, bound to hemoglobin or as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -)

67
Q

explain the respiratory system step by step.

A 
The respiratory system starts at the nose and mouth and continues through the airways and the lungs. Air enters the respiratory system through the nose and mouth and passes down the throat (pharynx) and through the voice box, or larynx. The entrance to the larynx is covered by a small flap of tissue (epiglottis) that automatically closes during swallowing, thus preventing food or drink from entering the airways. 
The windpipe (trachea) is the largest airway. The trachea branches into two smaller airways: the left and right bronchi, which lead to the two lungs.
Each lung is divided into sections (lobes): three in the right lung and two in the left lung. The left lung is a little smaller than the right lung because it shares space in the left side of the chest with the heart. The bronchi themselves branch many times into smaller airways, ending in the narrowest airways (bronchioles), which are as small as one half of a millimeter (or 2/100 of an inch) across. The airways resemble an upside-down tree, which is why this part of the respiratory system is often called the bronchial tree. Large airways are held open by semiflexible, fibrous connective tissue called cartilage. Smaller airways are supported by the lung tissue that surrounds and is attached to them. The walls of the smaller airways have a thin, circular layer of smooth muscle. The airway muscle can relax or contract, thus changing airway size.Thousands of small air sacs (alveoli) are at the end of each bronchiole. Together, the millions of alveoli of the lungs form a surface of more than 100 square meters (1111 square feet). Within the alveolar walls is a dense network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries. The extremely thin barrier between air and capillaries allows oxygen to move from the alveoli into the blood and allows carbon dioxide to move from the blood in the capillaries into the air in the alveoli. The pleura is a slippery membrane that covers the lungs as well as the inside of the chest wall. It allows the lungs to move smoothly during breathing and as the person moves. Normally, the two layers of the pleura have only a small amount of lubricating fluid between them. The two layers glide smoothly over each other as the lungs change size and shape.
68
Q

what is the main function of the respiratory system?

A

to ensure that enough O2 is brought to each cell in the body, and that CO2 can leave each cell and be removed from the body.

69
Q

what are the two basic processes of breathing?

A

respiration and expiration

70
Q

what is respiration?

A

breathing in/ inhaling. moves air from external environment to lungs in the body

71
Q

what is expiration?

A

breathing out/ exhaling. moves air from the lungs back to the external environment

72
Q

how is external respiration different from internal respiration? how are they different from cellular respiration?

A

external respiration is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air and blood. internal respiration is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the body’s tissue cells and the blood. cellular respiration is the series of energy-releasing chemical reactions that take place inside the cells. in general, it provides energy for cellular activities and maintains homeostasis.

73
Q

what is the role of mucus and cilia in the upper respiratory tract?

A

catch and remove particles in the air. mucus moistens the air, which is necessary to protect the delicate structures in the lower respiratory tract

74
Q

why do trachea and bronchi have cartilaginous arches?

A

to provide support and strength. to prevent from collapsing.

75
Q

what is the structure and function of pleural membranes?

A

it is the outer layer of the lung double membrane. it attaches to the inside of the chest wall. the lungs remain expanded when we breathe due to a vacuum effect within the pleural cavity

Biology AP (13 decks)

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