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Biology AP > Chapter 17: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Flashcards

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1
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate, and then release waste products.

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2
Q

what does cellular respiration include?

A

includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, but if often used to refer to just aerobic respiration

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3
Q

what is used to trace cellular respiration?

A

glucose

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4
Q

what is the chemical formula for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (heat and ATP)

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5
Q

how is energy released in organic molecules?

A

the transfer of electrons during chemical reactions release energy stored in organic molecules

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6
Q

what is the energy released used to do?

A

synthesize ATP

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7
Q

what are chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants called?

A

oxidized-reduction reactions or redox reactions

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8
Q

what is oxidation?

A

a substances loses electrons

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9
Q

what is reduction?

A

a substance gains electrons

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10
Q

what are the two acronyms?

A

LEO and GER

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11
Q

in cellular respiration what is oxidized?

A

C6H12O6 and CO2

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12
Q

in cellular respiration what is reduced?

A

O2 and H2O

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13
Q

what type of molecules are good fuels?

A

organic molecules with an abundance of H (ex. carbohydrates and fats)

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14
Q

how can energy released be used in ATP synthesis?

A

as H with its electron is transferred to O2, energy is released that can be used in ATP synthesis

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15
Q

where are electrons transferred?

A

to NAD+ to neutralize it and make NADH.

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16
Q

what is NAD+ ?

A

a coenzyme

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17
Q

what does NAD+ function as during cell respiration?

A

an oxidizing agent

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18
Q

what does NADH represent?

A

represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP

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19
Q

where does NADH pass its electrons?

A

electron transport chain

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20
Q

what does the electron transport chain do?

A

passes electrons in a series of steps

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21
Q

how do electrons go down the chain?

A

O2 pulls electrons down the chain in an energy-yielding tumble

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22
Q

what is the energy-yielded used for?

A

to generate ATP

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23
Q

what are the two ways to make ATP?

A

oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation

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24
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

oxidizes glucose and makes ATP using the movement of electrons. electrons move because of a final electron acceptor at the end.

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25
Q

what is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

uses enzymes to put ADP and PO4 together

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26
Q

what makes most of the ATP in cellular respiration? what percent? why?

A

oxidative phosphorylation. 90%. this is because it is powered by redox reactions.

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27
Q

what are the 4 steps in cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle/ citric cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

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28
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

sugar splitting

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29
Q

what happens in glycolysis?

A

glycolysis breaks down glucose using two ATP into two pyruvates, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP

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30
Q

what are pyruvates?

A

3 carbon molecules

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31
Q

where does glycolysis happen?

A

the cytoplasm

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32
Q

what are the 2 major phases of glycolysis?

A
  1. energy investment phase

2. energy payoff phase

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33
Q

does glycolysis require oxygen? what does this mean?

A

no. any living organism can make 2 ATP from glucose by glycolysis

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34
Q

what type of phosphorylation does glycolysis use to make ATP?

A

substrate-level

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35
Q

what happens in the link reaction?

A

in the presence of O2, the pyruvates enter the mitochondrion. the glucose is completely oxidized. the pyruvates are then converted into acetyl CoA. this then gets linked to the citric acid cycle.

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36
Q

what is acetyl?

A

a 2 carbon sugar- the pyruvate lost a carbon through CO2

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37
Q

what is CoA?

A

coenzyme A

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38
Q

how many layers does the mitochondria have?

A

2 - inner and outer

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39
Q

how much ATP is produced in the link reaction?

A

0

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40
Q

what does the link reaction produce in total?

A

2 acetyl CoA, 1 NADH, and 1 CO2

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41
Q

what does the citric cycle do?

A

completes the breakdown of pyruvate to CO2 and a few other products

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42
Q

where do hydrogen ions go?

A

NADH and FADH2 (gaining electrons)

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43
Q

how many carbons are present in the cycle prior to the acetyl CoA?

A

4 carbons - makes 6 carbon in total

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44
Q

where does energy come from in the Krebs cycle?

A

energy from broken bonds

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45
Q

how many times does the cycle happen?

A

two times

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46
Q

what useful products are created per cycle?

A

one ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per cycle

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47
Q

what is removed from the cell after the Krebs cycle?

A

CO2

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48
Q

how many steps does the cycle have?

A

8 steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme

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49
Q

what exactly happens when the acetyl CoA goes into the Krebs cycle?

A

the acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate, which forms citrate. the next 7 steps decompose the citrate into oxaloacetate, making it a cycle

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50
Q

is oxaloacetate regeneratable?

A

yes

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51
Q

where do the NADH and FADH2 go from the Krebs cycle?

A

the electron transport chain

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52
Q

what are NADH and FADH2?

A

they are electron carriers

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53
Q

what does the electron transport chain do?

A

powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation

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54
Q

what two things does the electron transport chain do?

A

oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis

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55
Q

what type of phosphorylation does the Krebs cycle use to make ATP?

A

substrate level

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56
Q

are NADH and FADH2 high or low energy molecules?

A

high

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57
Q

what is necessary in the electron transport chain for it to occur?

A

O2 at the end as an electron acceptor

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58
Q

where does the electron transport chain happen?

A

the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondria

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59
Q

what is the chain mostly made of?

A

most of the chain components are proteins, which exist in multiprotein complexes

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60
Q

what do the proteins in the chain do?

A

they alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons

61
Q

what happens to the electrons in the chain?

A

electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to O2, forming H2O

62
Q

what are cytochromes?

A

redox-active proteins, each with an iron atom

63
Q

does the chain itself generate ATP?

A

no

64
Q

what happens to H+ ions in the chain?

A

proteins cause the H+ to get pumped out from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space

65
Q

how does H+ go to the O2 acceptor?

A

through ATP synthase. ATP synthase is a protein complex that uses exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP

66
Q

what is chemiosmosis?

A

movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient.

67
Q

what is the H+ gradient called in the chain/ chemiosmosis?

A

proton motive force, emphasizing its capacity to do work

68
Q

how does energy stored in the H+ gradient help ATP synthesis?

A

the energy stored in a H+ gradient across a membrane couples the redox reactions of the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis

69
Q

where does phosphate come from?

A

when the body does work, phosphate enters the cytoplasm

70
Q

how much ATP is made in total in the process of cell respiration?

A

32 ATP

71
Q

what percent of energy from glucose is transferred to ATP?

A

34%

72
Q

what is fermentation?

A

metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substances through the action of enzymes

73
Q

how is ATP produced if O2 isn’t available?

A

glycolysis is used

74
Q

what can glycolysis do if there is no oxygen present?

A

either fermentation or anaerobic respiration

75
Q

what does anaerobic respiration use when no oxygen?

A

uses an electron transport chain with a final electron acceptor other than O2 (ex. sulphate)

76
Q

what does fermentation use when no oxygen?

A

uses substrate level phosphorylation instead of electron transport chain to generate ATP

77
Q

what does fermentation consist of?

A

fermentation consists of glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD+ which can be reused by glycolysis

78
Q

what are the two types of fermentation?

A

alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

79
Q

is fermentation efficient?

A

no

80
Q

what happens in alcohol fermentation?

A

the glucose is broken down into two pyruvates. these are converted into ethanol in two steps. the first steps releases CO2 from the pyruvate, and the second step reduces acetaldehyde into ethanol.

81
Q

in general what happens in alcohol fermentation?

A

glucose into pyruvates, which go to ethanol. in the process of converting ethanol it produces CO2 and NAD+, as well as 2 NADH and 2 ATP

82
Q

when is alcohol fermentation used?

A

it’s used in brewing, wine making, and bread making by yeast.

83
Q

when does lactic acid build up?

A

in muscle cells, when they are overused.

84
Q

what happens in lactic acid fermentation?

A

pyruvates are reduced by NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2.

85
Q

what uses lactic acid fermentation?

A

fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt. human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce.

86
Q

in general explain lactic acid fermentation.

A

glucose is converted into 2 pyruvates. it is then converted into two lactate, and releases NAD+. then it is converted into lactic acid, which is when O2 is running out. 2 NADH and 2 ATP is produced.

87
Q

does fermentation, aerobic, or anaerobic respiration use glycolysis?

A

all

88
Q

does fermentation, aerobic, or anaerobic respiration use NAD+? how does it use it?

A

all. NAD + is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis

89
Q

what are the types of electron acceptors in fermentation vs. cellular respiration?

A

organic molecule, O2

90
Q

how much ATP does cell respiration produce vs. fermentation?

A

cell resp- 32 ATP/ glucose molecule

fermentation- 2 ATP/ glucose molecule

91
Q

what are obligate anaerobes?

A

carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration because they cannot survive the presence of O2.

92
Q

what are facultative anaerobes?

A

they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration. (ex. yeast and bacteria)

93
Q

what does a pyruvate do in a facultative anaerobes?

A

it is a fork in the metabolic road. this leads to two alternative catabolic routes

94
Q

what is the evolutionary significance of glycolysis?

A

it is thought to have been used way before there was even oxygen in the atmosphere. so as O2 increased, the evolutionary advantage increased. it is a very old process.

95
Q

what do catabolic pathways do to electrons?

A

funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration

96
Q

what type of cell does glycolysis happen in?

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

97
Q

what type of cell does the link reaction happen in?

A

eukaryotic

98
Q

what type of cell does the Krebs cycle happen in?

A

eukaryotic

99
Q

what type of cell does oxidative phosphorylation happen in?

A

eukaryotic

100
Q

what type of cell does alcohol fermentation happen in?

A

yeast

101
Q

what type of cell does lactic acid fermentation happen in?

A

bacteria and muscle

102
Q

where in the cell does glycolysis happen?

A

cytoplasm

103
Q

where in the cell does the link reaction happen?

A

mitochondria

104
Q

where in the cell does the Krebs cycle happen?

A

mitochondria

105
Q

where in the cell does oxidative phosphorylation happen?

A

mitochondria

106
Q

where in the cell does alcohol fermentation happen?

A

cytoplasm

107
Q

where in the cell does lactic acid fermentation happen?

A

cytoplasm

108
Q

is O2 needed for glycolysis?

A

no

109
Q

is O2 needed for the link reaction?

A

yes

110
Q

is O2 needed for the Krebs cycle?

A

yes

111
Q

is O2 needed for oxidative phosphorylation?

A

yes

112
Q

is O2 needed in alcohol fermentation?

A

no

113
Q

is O2 needed in lactic acid fermentation?

A

no

114
Q

is CO2 released from glycolysis?

A

no

115
Q

is CO2 released from the link reaction?

A

yes

116
Q

is CO2 released from the Krebs cycle?

A

yes

117
Q

is CO2 released from oxidative phosphorylation?

A

no

118
Q

is CO2 released from alcohol fermentation?

A

yes

119
Q

is CO2 released from lactic acid fermentation?

A

no

120
Q

does glycolysis transfer electrons to NADH/ FADH2?

A

yes

121
Q

does the link reaction transfer electrons to NADH/ FADH2?

A

yes

122
Q

does the Krebs cycle transfer electrons to NADH/ FADH2?

A

yes

123
Q

does the Krebs cycle transfer electrons to NADH/ FADH2?

A

yes

124
Q

does oxidative phosphorylation transfer electrons to NADH/ FADH2?

A

no

125
Q

does alcohol fermentation transfer electrons to NADH/ FADH2?

A

yes

126
Q

does lactic acid fermentation transfer electrons to NADH/ FADH2?

A

yes

127
Q

does glycolysis involve an electrons transport chain?

A

no

128
Q

does the link reaction involve an electrons transport chain?

A

no

129
Q

does the Krebs cycle involve an electrons transport chain?

A

no

130
Q

does oxidative phosphorylation involve an electrons transport chain?

A

yes

131
Q

does alcohol fermentation involve an electrons transport chain?

A

no

132
Q

does lactic acid fermentation involve an electrons transport chain?

A

no

133
Q

what type of phosphorylation does glycolysis use?

A

substrate level

134
Q

what type of phosphorylation does the link reaction use?

A

n/a

135
Q

what type of phosphorylation does the Krebs cycle use?

A

substrate level

136
Q

what type of phosphorylation does oxidative phosphorylation use?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

137
Q

what type of phosphorylation does alcohol fermentation use?

A

substrate level

138
Q

what type of phosphorylation does lactic acid use?

A

substrate level

139
Q

how many ATP are produced in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

140
Q

how many ATP are produced in the link reaction?

A

0 ATP

141
Q

how many ATP are produced in the Krebs cycle?

A

2 ATP (1 per turn)

142
Q

how many ATP are produced in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

26 - 35 ATP

143
Q

how many ATP are produced in alcohol fermentation?

A

2 ATP

144
Q

how many ATP are produced in lactic acid fermentation?

A

2 ATP

145
Q

explain glycolysis in a sentence.

A

glucose is broken into 2 pyruvate in the cytoplasm in order to produce 2 ATP and transfer electrons to NAD+, reducing it to NADH

146
Q

explain the link reaction in a sentence.

A

pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA in the mitochondria, releasing a CO2, and creating the reactant necessary for the Krebs cycle.

147
Q

explain the Krebs cycle in a sentence.

A

Acetyl CoA joins with oxaloacetate to form a 6 carbon sugar that cycles through a series of reactions that produces ATP, makes NADH and FADH2 as electron carries, and releases CO2 as a waste product to the environment all while generating a 4 carbon sugar.

148
Q

explain the electron transport chain in a sentence.

A

NADH and FADH2 transfers electrons to the electron transport chain which results in the pumping of H+ into the intermembrane space and eventually passing these electrons to O2 to reduce it to H20

149
Q

explain chemiosmosis in a sentence.

A

H+ ions that were pumped into the intermembrane space flow down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase, generating a lot of ATP and providing H for the reduction of O2 to H2O.

Biology AP (13 decks)

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