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Biology AP > Chapter 3: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

what two compounds are living-organisms mostly made of?

A

Water and carbon-based

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2
Q

what classifies as an organic compound?

A

A compound containing carbon (except carbon dioxide)

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3
Q

what are the four main classes of important molecules?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid

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4
Q

what is a polymer?

A

a polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomers

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5
Q

what is a monomer?

A

a monomer are the so called ‘building blocks’, that when combined together in a certain way are called polymers

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6
Q

what are carbohydrates? what are they useful for?

A

a carbohydrate is an organic compound to which hydrogen and oxygen are attached; the hydrogen and oxygen are in a 2:1 ratio. carbohydrates are sugar and polymers of sugar. they serve as a source of energy and fuel.

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7
Q

what are monosaccharides?

A

simplest form of sugar and the most basic units of carbohydrates. (single ring, but can go back and forth dynamically from linear to ring)

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8
Q

what chemical formula do monosaccharides manipulate?

A

CH20

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9
Q

what is the most common type of monosaccharide?

A

Glucose

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10
Q

what is the chemical formula for glucose?

A

C6H1206

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11
Q

what is the purpose of a monosaccharide?

A

fuel for cells and raw material for building molecules

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12
Q

what are structural isomers? what is an example?

A

structural isomers are compounds with the same chemical formula, but differ in how the atoms are arranged, so they are different compounds (ex. glucose and fructose)

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13
Q

what structures can carbohydrates be?

A

a) linear and ring forms

b) abbreviated ring structure

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14
Q

what is a dehydration reaction?

A

a dehydration reaction occurs when 2 monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule. in context of monosaccharides, when 2 join because of this reaction, it is called a disaccharide (2 rings).

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15
Q

what is a glycosidic linkage?

A

a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate

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16
Q

what is the opposite of a dehydration reaction?

A

hydrolysis

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17
Q

what is hydrolysis?

A

hydrolysis is the opposite reaction of a dehydration reaction. in this, you add a water molecule, therefore breaking a bond

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18
Q

what is a polysaccharide? what is their role?

A

a polysaccharide is the polymer of sugar. they have storage and structural roles.

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19
Q

how is the structure and function of a polysaccharide determined?

A

it is determined by its sugar monomers and position of glycosidic linkages

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20
Q

what is a storage polysaccharide? what is its function/ role?

A

the storage polysaccharide of plants is starch, made of glucose monomers. glycogen is the storage polysaccharide of animals and humans. it is stored in mainly the liver and muscle cells.

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21
Q

what is the simplest form of starch?

A

amylose

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22
Q

why are storage polysaccharides necessary?

A

they are necessary in plants because the weather is unpredictable, so it is unknown when they would next be able to photosynthesize. it is necessary in animals because we could run out fast.

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23
Q

what are structural polysaccharides?

A

the polysaccharide, cellulose, is a major component of plant cell wall. cellulose is a polymer of glucose too, but the glycosidic linkages are different. (difference is based on 2 ring forms for glucose).

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24
Q

do lipids form polymers?

A

no, lipids do not form true polymers

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25
Q

are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic? why?

A

hydrophobic, because they are mostly made of hydrocarbons, which form non-polar covalent bonds. polar and non-polar do not dissolve.

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26
Q

what is the major of function of fats?

A

energy storage

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27
Q

what are the 3 types of lipids?

A

fats, phospholipids, and steroids.

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28
Q

what are fats made from?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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29
Q

what is glycerol?

A

glycerol is a three carbon alcohol with hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

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30
Q

what is the difference between a hydroxyl group and hydroxide?

A

a hydroxide is when OH- is in a compound with a metal. hydroxyl is a neutral molecule, which is more radical due to its unpaired electron (usually in alcohols).

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31
Q

what is fatty acid?

A

a fatty acid consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton. vary in length and the number and locations of double bonds.

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32
Q

what are the two types of fatty acids?

A

saturated and unsaturated

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33
Q

what are the characteristics of saturated fatty acids?

A

saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of H atoms possible, and no double bonds. these are mostly animals fats, and are solid at room temperature.

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34
Q

what are the characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

unsaturated fatty acids have one of more double bonds. these are mostly plants and fish fats, and are liquid at room temperature.

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35
Q

what are phospholipids made of?

A

phospholipids consist of 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group attached to glycerol.

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36
Q

what part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?

A

the two tails, which are made of fatty acids are hydrophobic

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37
Q

what part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic?

A

the head made of a phosphate group is hydrophilic

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38
Q

what is a bi-layer, where is it used?

A

the bi-layer is what forms when phospholipids are placed in water. the hydrophilic head faces towards the water, while the hydrophilic tails face inwards, where there is less water. it is used in cell membranes.

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39
Q

what are steroids?

A

steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4-fused rings.

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40
Q

what is the main type of steroid?

A

cholesterol, it is a component in animal cell membranes. but it can be harmful in large doses, and can lead to cardiovascular disease.

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41
Q

what is a gene? what does it do in relation amino acids?

A

a gene is the basic physical and functional unit of hereditary. genes program the sequence of amino acids in polypeptides.

42
Q

what are genes made of?

A

genes are made of DNA, a nucleic acid, made up of a monomer called nucleotides.

43
Q

what the types of nucleic acid?

A

1) deoxyribonucleic acid

2) ribonucleic acid

44
Q

what is the role of DNA?

A

for long-term storage of information. it contains the genetic information for the development and function of living things. DNA provides directions for its own replication.

45
Q

what is the main role of RNA?

A

to convert information in DNA to proteins. DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) and through mRNA, controls protein synthesis

46
Q

what is a polynucleotide?

A

the polymer of nucleotides

47
Q

what is a nucleotide made of?

A

nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (monosaccharide), and one of more phosphate groups

48
Q

what do cells mostly contain?

A

70-95% are water, 50% of the dry mass is protein

49
Q

what are the role of proteins/ what are the types of proteins?

A

a) enzymatic proteins
b) defensive proteins
c) storage proteins
d) transport proteins
e) hormonal proteins
f) receptor proteins
g) contractile proteins
h) structural proteins

50
Q

what is the role of enzymatic proteins?

A

selective acceleration of chemical reactions

51
Q

what is the role of defensive proteins?

A

protection against diseases

52
Q

what is the role of storage proteins?

A

storage of amino acids

53
Q

what is the role of transport proteins?

A

transport of substances

54
Q

what is the role of hormonal proteins?

A

coordination of an organisms activities

55
Q

what is the role of receptor proteins?

A

response of a cell to chemical stimuli

56
Q

what is the role of contractile and motor proteins?

A

movement

57
Q

what is the role of structural protein?

A

support

58
Q

what are amino acids?

A

amino acids are organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups. (are monomers)

59
Q

what does the backbone of an amino acid always contain?

A

N-C-C

60
Q

why do all amino acids differ in properties?

A

because of their different side chains, called R groups. the side chains can be hydrophobic or hydrophilic, or polar or non-polar

61
Q

what are amino acids linked together by?

A

peptide bonds

62
Q

what is a polypeptide?

A

a polypeptide is the polymer of amino acids. can range in length from one monomer to more than a thousand. each polypeptide has a unique linear sequence of amino acids.

63
Q

what is a peptide bond?

A

a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (similar to glycosidic linkage)

64
Q

what is a protein made of?

A

a functional protein consists of one or more polypeptides that is precisely twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape

65
Q

what determines a proteins function?

A

DNA determines order of amino acids, which determines its shape, which determines its function.

66
Q

what are the 4 levels of protein structure?

A

1) primary
2) secondary
3) tertiary
4) quaternary

67
Q

what is the primary structure?

A

the primary structure of a protein in its unique sequence of amino acids

68
Q

what is the secondary structure?

A

the secondary structure, found in most proteins, consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain (ends with (a) helix, or (b) pleated sheets)

69
Q

what is tertiary structure?

A

the tertiary structure is determined by interacts among various side chains (R groups)

70
Q

what is quaternary structure?

A

quaternary structure results from interactions between multiple polypeptide chains

71
Q

what is sickle cell disease?

A

an inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin

72
Q

what can affect protein structure?

A

primary structure, physical, and chemical conditions

73
Q

what can cause protein to unravel?

A

alterations in pH, salt concentration, temp, or other environmental factors

74
Q

what is denaturation?

A

denaturation is the loss of a proteins native structure. if it is denatured, it is biologically inactive

75
Q

what is the opposite of denaturation?

A

renaturation, can happen sometimes, but not a lot

76
Q

what is an x-ray crystallograph?

A

it is used to determine 3-D structure based on diffraction of an x-ray beam by atoms of the crystallized molecule.

77
Q

what are pathogens?

A

a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

78
Q

carboxyl group

A

functional group consisting of a carbon atom that’s double-bonded to an oxygen atom and singly bonded to a hydroxyl group.

79
Q

what are some important monosaccharides?

A

glucose, galactose (found in milk so its milk sugar), and fructose

80
Q

what are some important disaccharides?

A

maltose, sucrose, and lactose

81
Q

what are some important polysaccharides?

A

cellulose, starch, and glycogen

82
Q

what do the hexagons in structures represent?

A

each corner represents a carbon

83
Q

what elements is all living matter made of?

A

N’CHOPS (nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur)

84
Q

what are triglycerides?

A

a type of fat (lipid) found in your blood. When you eat, your body converts any calories it doesn’t need to use right away into triglycerides. the triglycerides are stored in your fat cells. later, hormones release triglycerides for energy between meals.

85
Q

what are nutrients?

A

vitamins or minerals essential for growth and metabolism in an organism

86
Q

what are minerals?

A

naturally occurring inorganic elements essential in the nutrition of organisms

87
Q

what is a membrane?

A

thin structure connecting or separating structures or regions of an organism

88
Q

what is adipose?

A

fatty tissue, fat-storing tissue, or fat within cells

89
Q

what is the plasma membrane?

A

the cell membrane

90
Q

what is lactase?

A

an enzyme that breaks down the sugar lactose

91
Q

what is lipase?

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of lipids

92
Q

what is pepsin?

A

an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides

93
Q

what is ribose?

A

ribose is a kind of sugar that is produced by the body. It is used as a medicine. ribose is used by mouth to decrease chest pain and improve heart function in people with coronary artery disease.

94
Q

what is deoxyribose?

A

a five-carbon sugar that has one oxygen atom less than ribose; a component of DNA

95
Q

what is the nitrogenous base?

A

the five purine and pyrimidine bases found in nucleic acid—adenine, thymine (in DNA only), cytosine, guanine, and uracil (in RNA only)

96
Q

what is adenine?

A

a purine nitrogenous base that pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA

97
Q

what is guanine?

A

a purine nitrogenous base that is a component of nucleotides and nucleic acids; it links up with cytosine in DNA

98
Q

what is thymine?

A

a pyrimidine nitrogenous base in nucleic acids and nucleotides; pairs with adenine in DNA

99
Q

what is cytosine?

A

a pyrimidine nitrogenous base that is present in nucleotides and nucleic acids; it is paired with guanine

100
Q

what is uracil?

A

a pyrimidine nitrogenous base found in RNA (but not in DNA); pairs with adenine

101
Q

what is a sulfhydryl group?

A

a functional group consisting of a sulfur bonded to a hydrogen atom

102
Q

what is a carbonyl group?

A

a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom

Biology AP (13 decks)

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