Chapter 32: Overview of Animal Diversity Flashcards
Nutritional modes of animals and fungi similarity
Both rely on other organisms or organic matter for nutrients
Nutritional modes of animal and fungi differences
Fungi grow on or near their food and feed by absorption but rely on enzymes to break down their food.
Animals ingest their food then enzymes digest it within their bodies
How are most animal cells structurally supported?
proteins (collagen) external to the cell membrane provide support
What two tissue types are present in most animals, and lacking in plants and fungi?
Muscle and Nervous tissue
How does cleavage differ from typical mitotic cell division?
cleavage is rapid cell division without significant cell growth and results in smaller final cell size compared to mitosis
Define Blastula characteristics
hollow ball of cells that surrounds a cavity called blastocoel.
Define Gastrulation
process where one end of the embryo folds inward, expands, and eventually fills the blastocoel
Who are the sister taxa of all animals?
Chanoflagellates
Evidence that Chanoflagellates are closely related to animals.
- morphological chanoflagellates and collar cells are almost indistinguishable
- similar collar cells have been identified in other animals but have never been found in non-chanoflagellate protests
- DNA sequence indicates this is true.
What is the significance of the Cambrian explosion regarding current animal diversity?
Predator-prey relationships emerged, increased atmospheric oxygen, and changes in development.
What kind of symmetry do most animals exhibit?
Bilateral symmetry (two-sided) that has a mouth at one end and the anus at the other.
Types of symmetry besides bilateral
Radial- symmetrical animal are arranged around. single main axis
Asymmetric- absence of symmetry
What do each of the three embryonic germ layers give rise to in most animals?
-Ectoderm- gives rise to the outer covering of the animal
-Endoderm- gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract
-Mesoderm- fills the space between the ectoderm and endoderm
What germ layer lacks in diploblastic animals
mesoderm
Coelem
body cavity that forms from tissue derived from mesoderm
hemocoelom
body cavity lined by tissue derived by mesoderm and endoderm
Compact
lack a body cavity between the digestive cavity and outer body wall
Protostome cleavage development
-clevage- spiral and determinate
-coelom formation- solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom
-blastopore fate- mouth develops from blastipore
Deutersotome cleavage development
-Clevage- radial and indeterminate
-coelom formation- folds of archenteron form coelom
-Blastophore fate- Anus develops from blastophore
What is the major characteristic that separates the phylum porifera from the clade Eumetazoa?
Eumetazoa has tissues where Porifera does not
What two characteristics separate Bilateria from non-bilaterian eumetazoans?
Bilatera have bilateral symmetry and three germ layers where as non-bilaterians have radial symmetry and only two germ layers
Name two animal phyla that belong to the clade Deutersotomia
Echinodermata-
Chordata-
What is the distinguishing feature that sets sponges apart from all other metazoans?
They lack true tissues and organ
What roles to choanocytes and amoebocytes play in feeding and nutrition in poriferans?
Choanocytes are the primary feeding cells which capture food particles and initiate digestion, while amebocytes distribute mutrients from choanocytes to other cells within the sponge
What property of amoebocytes is quite rare among most cells in the animal kingdom?
They can transform into different types of cells
Name the two components that make up the skeletal structure of a sponge
Spicules and Spongin
Spicules
Sharp skeletal fibers
Spongin
flexible fibers that gives sponges its shape
How do sponges reproduce sexually?
each individual functions as both male and female by producing sperm and eggs
What prevents sponges from self-fertilizing?
They produce sperm and eggs at different times which temporarily separates gamete production
What basal taxa are Cnidarians apart of?
Eumetazoa
What two features set cnidarians apart from the bilaterians?
- two germ layers
- Radial symmetry
What are the two basic body plans of Cnidarians?
- Polyp (sedentary)
- Medusa (free floating)
Which body plan is related to anthozoans?
Polyp
What role do tentacles play in feeding?
They are used to capture prey and push food into their gastrovascular cavity.
