Chapter 31: Fungi Flashcards
How do most fungi acquire nutrients?
Hyphae
Hyphae
Multicellular filaments that secrete enzymes that break down organic matter that releases nutrients. Which is then absorbed through hyphae
Mycelium
Interwoven mass of fungal hyphae that infiltrates material on which fungus feed.
What provides strength and flexibility in fungal cell walls?
chitin
Septate hyphae
Fungal hypha that is divided into cells with one nuclei per cell. Cells are seperated by a septum that allows large movement from cell to cell.
Coenocytic Hyphae
Hypha with continuious plasma that has hundreds or thousands of nuclei.
Function of Arbuscules
allows fungi exchange nutrients with a plant host.
Mycorrhizae relationship
mutualistic relationship between fungi and plants because fungi helps the plant absorbs water and nutrients from the soil while the plant provides the fungi with sugars produced through photosynthesis.
How do the hyphae of two different mycelia of different mating types find each other underground?
Pheromones from each partner bind to receptor on the other and the hyphae extend towards the source of the pheromones.
Plasmogamy
fusion of the cytoplasm between two parent mycelia
Karyogamy
fusion of haploid nuclei (haploid) contributed by two parents. Once both haploid nuclei fuse it produces diploid cells.
What kind of cell division is required for a haploid mycelium to produce spores in the asexual life cycle of a fungus?
mitosis
What kind of cell division is required for a diploid zygote to produce spores in the sexual life cycle of a fungus?
meiosis
How does yeast reproduce?
asexual reproduction called budding which is when a “bud” grows off a parent cell and eventually detatches and becomes a new genetically identical cell.
Where does karyogamy and meiosis take place in a mushroom-producing, basidiomycetes fungus?
Basidium
What is a Basidium?
reproductive appendage that produce sexual spores on the gills of mushrooms
What is the product of Karyogamy followed by meiosis in the life cycle of a mushroom forming basidiomycete
Diploid nucleus yields four haploid nuclei which develops into basidiospore
Describe the ways through which fungal endophytes can benefit host plants
- making toxins that deter herbivores
- increase host plant tolerance of heat, drought or heavy metals.
- fungal endophytes of woody flowering plants help defend against pathogen.
Describe the mutualistic relationship between fungi and leaf-cutter ants
leaf cutting ants depend on fungi to convert plant material for the ants to be able to digest. The fungi depend on the nutrients from the leaves the ants feed them.
what is Lichen?
a mutuality association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus
Relationship between cyanobacterium and fungus.
The algae/cyanobacterium provides carbon and the fungus provides the photosynthetic partner a suitable environment to live
Ecological service provided by lichen
colonize barren land by penetrating and chemically attacking the land they are on which allows plant growth.
Fungal plant parasites problems for humans today
-cryphonectria parasitica- fungus that caused chestnut blight
-Clavicles purpura- causes purple ergots to grow on rye and if ingested can cause humans to experience surging sensations, and hallucinations
-Batrachochytrium d. and b.- cause sever skin infections
General term for a fungal infection in animals and humans?
Mycosis
Useful products that are derived from fungi
-edible mushrooms
-edible morels and truffles
-ripen blue cheeses
-use yeast to produce alcoholic beverages, and bread
-make penicillin
- modify fungi to produce glycoproteins such as insulin
