Chapter 29 How plants colinized land Flashcards
Where did plants evolve from
green algae and charophytes
similarities between plants and green algae
- multicellular
- cell walls made of cellulose
- chloroplasts with chlorophylls
Sporopollenin
what a spores wall is made out of to protect from outside elements
Alternation of generations
life cycle consisting of multicellular forms that give rise to each other in turn
Walled spores produce
sporangia
sporangia
produced spores
Apical meristems
growing tip of a plant were one or more cells divide repeatedly leading to new growth. ex: roots and shoots
Cuticle
tough, waxy outer layer that provides protection agains water loss
stomata
pores that allow the exchange of CO2 or O2 in and out of the plant when necessary
vascular plants
plants with vascular tissue
vascular tissue
cells joined in tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the cell
bryophytes
non-vascular plants that live on land but lacks some terrestrial adaptations
ex: moss
lycophytes
have leaves with single vein (microphyll)
club moss, spike moss, and quillworts
- seedless vascular plant
monilophytes
have leaves with branched veins (megaphylls)
ferns, horsetail, and whisk ferns
- seedless vascular plants
Seed
embryo packed with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat
gymnosperm
vascular plant what bears seeds not in a protective chamber
angiosperm
flowering plant which forms seeds inside an ovary (protective chamber)
non-vascular plant examples
liverwurst, mosses, and hornwarts
Bryophyte gametophytes
- haploid gametophytes are dominant
- spores are disperses in a favorable habitat. (ex: moist soil)
Proteonema
germinating moss spores
Rhizords
long tubular cells that anchor moss filaments
Gametangia
produce gametes
male gametangia
antheridia produce many sperm
- need the help of water to spread
female gametangia
archegonia produce 1 egg
Bryophyte sporophytes
- contains plastids
- sporophytes remain attached to the parental gametophyte
Anatomy of Bryophyte Sporophytes
Foot, seta, sporangium, and peristome
Foot
absorbs nutrients from gametophyte
Seta
brings nutrients to capsule/sporagium
sporangium
produces spores by meiosis
peristome
upper part of the bryophyte capsule that contains spores featuring rings with interlocking tooth like structures.
importance of moss
colonize bare soil, and make nitrogen more available in the ecosystem
Vascular tissue in plants
xylem and phloem
Xylem
moves water and material up from roots to the the rest of the plant
tracheids
movement of materials and are lined by lignin
Phloem
living cells that move sugars through the plant
Roots
absorb water and nutrients as well as anchors plant into the soil
microphylls
small, simple shaped leaves
megaphylls
leaves with highly branched vascular system
sporophyll
modified leaf that bears sporangia
sori
clusters of sporangia located on the undersides of sporophylls
strobil
groups of spropophylls that form a cone like structure
homosporous
single spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte
heterosporous
two types of sporophyll
megaspores and microspores
megaspores
female
microspores
male
