Chapter 32 - Fungal Diversity

Question 1

An abundant and diverse group of heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms, principally responsible for the decomposition of plant and animal tissues.

Answer 1

fungi

Question 2

In fungi, highly branched multicellular filaments that provide a large surface area for absorbing nutrients.

Answer 2

hyphae

Question 3

A network of branching hyphae.

Answer 3

mycelium

Question 4

A modified polysaccharide containing nitrogen that makes up the cell walls of fungi and the hard exoskeletons of arthropods.

Answer 4

chitin

Question 5

In fungal hyphae, a wall that partially divides the cytoplasm into separate cells.

Answer 5

septa

Question 6

A single-celled fungus found in moist, nutrient-rich environments. Can metabolize sugar through fermentation.

Answer 6

yeasts

Question 7

• a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant.
• refers to the role of the fungus in the plant’s rhizosphere, its root system.

Answer 7

mycorrhizae

Question 8

produce a thick sheath of fungal cells (hyphae) that surround the root tip, as well as hyphae that grow between, but do not penetrate, cells in the interior of the root.

Answer 8

ectomycorrhizae fungi

Question 9

penetrate into root cells, where they produce highly branched structures (arbuscules) that provide a large surface area for nutrient exchange.

Answer 9

endomycorrhizae fungi

Question 10

A fungus that lives within leaves and that may help the host plant by producing chemicals that deter pathogens and herbivores.

Answer 10

endophytes

Question 11

A multicellular structure in some fungi that facilitates the dispersal of sexually produced spores.

Answer 11

fruiting bodies

Question 12

The period between cell fusion and nuclei fusion is known as?

Answer 12

heterokaryotic

Question 13

Having two haploid nuclei, one from each parent, in each cell.

Answer 13

dikaryotic (n+n)

Question 14

Genetically distinct forms of individuals of a fungus species that, by enabling fertilization only between different types, prevent self-fertilization and promote outcrossing.

Answer 14

mating types

Question 15

aquatic fungi that lack hyphae

Answer 15

chytrids

Question 16

fungi that produce hyphae undivided by septa and do not form multicellular fruiting bodies; they make up less than 1% of known fungal diversity.

Answer 16

zygomycetes

Question 17

A monophyletic fungal group of apparently low diversity but tremendous ecological importance that occurs in association with plant roots.

Answer 17

glomeromycetes

Question 18

A monophyletic fungal subgroup of the Dikarya in which nuclear fusion and meiosis take place in an elongated saclike cell called an ascus; also called sac fungi.

Answer 18

ascomycetes

Question 19

A monophyletic fungal subgroup of the Dikarya, including smuts, rusts, and mushrooms, in which nuclear fusion and meiosis take place in a club-shaped cell called a basidium; also called club fungi.

Answer 19

basidiomycetes

Question 20

In fungi, _______ are cells composed of the cytoplasm of two or more cells, but that retain distinct sets of chromosomes contained in separate nuclei.

Answer 20

heterokaryotic cells

Question 21

Which type of reproduction is most commonly found among the fungi?

Answer 21

asexual reproduction in which the haploid parent forms haploid spores.

Question 22

The development of septa in the hyphae of fungi was an important evolutionary step. Why?

Answer 22

If a hypha is damaged, fungi can seal septa pores to prevent cytoplasmic leakage.

Question 23

Fungi that are associated with plant roots and supply them with nutrients in return for carbohydrates are called:

Answer 23

mycorrhizae

Question 24

Threadlike filaments that make up the body of the fungus are called ____.

Answer 24

hyphae