Chapter 32 - Fungal Diversity Flashcards
An abundant and diverse group of heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms, principally responsible for the decomposition of plant and animal tissues.
fungi
In fungi, highly branched multicellular filaments that provide a large surface area for absorbing nutrients.
hyphae
A network of branching hyphae.
mycelium
A modified polysaccharide containing nitrogen that makes up the cell walls of fungi and the hard exoskeletons of arthropods.
chitin
In fungal hyphae, a wall that partially divides the cytoplasm into separate cells.
septa
A single-celled fungus found in moist, nutrient-rich environments. Can metabolize sugar through fermentation.
yeasts
- a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant.
- refers to the role of the fungus in the plant’s rhizosphere, its root system.
mycorrhizae
produce a thick sheath of fungal cells (hyphae) that surround the root tip, as well as hyphae that grow between, but do not penetrate, cells in the interior of the root.
ectomycorrhizae fungi
penetrate into root cells, where they produce highly branched structures (arbuscules) that provide a large surface area for nutrient exchange.
endomycorrhizae fungi
A fungus that lives within leaves and that may help the host plant by producing chemicals that deter pathogens and herbivores.
endophytes
A multicellular structure in some fungi that facilitates the dispersal of sexually produced spores.
fruiting bodies
The period between cell fusion and nuclei fusion is known as?
heterokaryotic
Having two haploid nuclei, one from each parent, in each cell.
dikaryotic (n+n)
Genetically distinct forms of individuals of a fungus species that, by enabling fertilization only between different types, prevent self-fertilization and promote outcrossing.
mating types
aquatic fungi that lack hyphae
chytrids
fungi that produce hyphae undivided by septa and do not form multicellular fruiting bodies; they make up less than 1% of known fungal diversity.
zygomycetes
A monophyletic fungal group of apparently low diversity but tremendous ecological importance that occurs in association with plant roots.
glomeromycetes
A monophyletic fungal subgroup of the Dikarya in which nuclear fusion and meiosis take place in an elongated saclike cell called an ascus; also called sac fungi.
ascomycetes
A monophyletic fungal subgroup of the Dikarya, including smuts, rusts, and mushrooms, in which nuclear fusion and meiosis take place in a club-shaped cell called a basidium; also called club fungi.
basidiomycetes
In fungi, _______ are cells composed of the cytoplasm of two or more cells, but that retain distinct sets of chromosomes contained in separate nuclei.
heterokaryotic cells
Which type of reproduction is most commonly found among the fungi?
asexual reproduction in which the haploid parent forms haploid spores.
The development of septa in the hyphae of fungi was an important evolutionary step. Why?
If a hypha is damaged, fungi can seal septa pores to prevent cytoplasmic leakage.
Fungi that are associated with plant roots and supply them with nutrients in return for carbohydrates are called:
mycorrhizae
Threadlike filaments that make up the body of the fungus are called ____.
hyphae
