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Biopsychology > Chapter 3.1 > Flashcards

Chapter 3.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system CNS

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system PNS

A

Connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body

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3
Q

Parts of the PNS

A
  • Somatic nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
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4
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Consists of the axons conveying messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles.

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5
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Controls the heart, intestines, and other organs.

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6
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the back

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7
Q

Ventral

A

Toward the stomach

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8
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the front end

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9
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the rear end

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10
Q

Superior

A

Above another part

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11
Q

Inferior

A

Below another part

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12
Q

Lateral

A

Toward the side, away from the midline

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13
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline, away from the side

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14
Q

Proximal

A

Located close to the point of origin or attachment

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15
Q

Distal

A

Located more distant from the point of origin or attachment

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16
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body (e.g., two parts on the left or two on the right)

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17
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the body (one on the left and one on the right)

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18
Q

Coronal plane

A

A plane that shows brain structures as seen from the front

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19
Q

Sagittal plane

A

A plane that shows brain structures as seen from the side

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20
Q

Horizontal plane

A

A plane that shows brain structures as seen from above

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21
Q

Spinal cord

A
  • Part of the CNS within the spinal column.
  • The spinal cord communicates with all the sense organs and muscles except those of the head.
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22
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord

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23
Q

Lamina

A

A row or layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons and dendrites

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24
Q

Column

A

A set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex, with similar properties

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25
Q

Tract

A

A set of axons within the CNS, also known as a projection. If axons extend from cell bodies in structure A to synapses onto B, we say that the fibers “project” from A onto B.

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26
Q

Nerve

A

A set of axons in the periphery, either from the CNS to a muscle or gland or from a sensory organ to the CNS

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27
Q

Nucleus

A

A cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS

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28
Q

Ganglion

A

A cluster of neuron cell bodies, usually outside the CNS (as in the sympathetic nervous system)

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29
Q

How does the spinal cord work?

A

Each segment of the spinal cord sends sensory information to the brain and receives motor commands from the brain. All that information passes through tracts of axons in the spinal cord

30
Q

Two parts of the autonomic nervous system

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
31
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A
  • A network of nerves that prepare the organs for a burst of vigorous activity
  • Consists of chains of ganglia just to the left and right of the spinal cord’s central regions (the thoracic and lumbar areas).
  • These ganglia have connections back and forth with the spinal cord. Sympathetic axons prepare the organs for “fight or flight,” such as by increasing breathing and heart rate and decreasing digestive activity.
32
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • Generally the opposite of, sympathetic activities.
  • For example, the sympa- thetic nervous system increases heart rate, and the parasym- pathetic nervous system decreases it
33
Q

The 3 major divisions of the brain

A
  • The hindbrain
  • The midbrain
  • Forebrain
34
Q

Hindbrain

A

The posterior part of the brain, consists of the the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum.

35
Q

Brainstem

A

The medulla and pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain

36
Q

Medulla

A

An enlarged extension of the spinal cord

37
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Originating in the medulla control vital reflexes such as breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing.
Because opiate receptors, which suppress activity, are abundant in the medulla, opiates can produce a dangerous decrease in breathing and heart rate.

38
Q

Pons

A

lies anterior and ventral to the medulla. Like the medulla, it contains nuclei for several cranial nerves.

39
Q

Cerebellum

A

a large hindbrain structure with many deep folds. It has long been known for its contributions to the control of movement

40
Q

Major structures of the forebrain

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus

Cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia

41
Q

Major structures of the Midbrain

A

Tectum, tegmentum, superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, substantia nigra

42
Q

Major structures of the Hindbrain

A

Medulla, pons, cerebellum

43
Q

The midbrain

A

in the middle of the brain

44
Q

Tectum

A

The roof of the midbrain

45
Q

Superior colliculus and inferior colliculus

A
  • The swellings on each side of the tec-tum
  • Both are important for sensory processing
  • The inferior colliculus for hearing
  • the superior colliculus for vision.
46
Q

Tegmentum

A
  • Under the tectum
  • The intermediate level of the midbrain
47
Q

substantia nigra

A

Gives rise to a dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement.

48
Q

The cranial Nerves

A
  • Olfactory
  • Optic
  • Oculomotor
  • Trochlear
  • Trigeminal
  • Abducens
  • Facial
  • Statoacoustic
  • Glossopharyngeal
  • Vagus
  • Accessory
  • Hypoglossal

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49
Q

Major function of the olfactory nerve

A

Smell

50
Q

Major function of the opric nerve

A

Vision

51
Q

Oculomotor

A

Control of eye movements; pupil constriction

52
Q

Major function of the trigmenial

A

Skin sensation from most of the face; control of jaw muscles for chewing and swallowing

53
Q

Major function of the facial nerve

A

Taste from the anterior two thirds of the tongue; control of facial expressions, crying, salivation, and dilation of the head’s blood vessels

54
Q

Major function of the statoacoustic nerve

A

Hearing

55
Q

Major function of the glossopharyngeal

A

Taste and other sensations from throat and posterior third of the tongue; control of swallowing, salivation, throat movements during speech

56
Q

Major function of the vagus nerve

A

Sensations from neck and thorax; control of throat, esophagus, and larynx; parasympathetic nerves to stomach, intestines, and other organs

57
Q

Major function of the hypoglossal nerve

A

Control of muscles of the tongue

58
Q

Forebrain

A
  • consists of two cerebral hemispheres, one on the left and one on the right.
  • Each hemisphere is organized to receive sensory information, mostly from the contralateral (opposite) side of the body.
  • It controls muscles, mostly on the contralateral side, by way of axons to the spinal cord and the cranial nerve nuclei.
59
Q

Limbic system

A
  • the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus
  • Forms a border around the brainstem
60
Q

Hypothalamus is essential for xx

A
  • Control of eating, drinking,
  • temperature control,
  • reproductive behaviors
61
Q

Amygdala is essential for xx

A
  • for evaluating emotional information, especially fear
62
Q

Thalamus

A
  • A pair of structures (left and right) in the center of the forebrain.
  • Most sensory information goes first to the thalamus, which processes it and sends output to the cerebral cortex.
63
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • a small area near the base of the brain just ventral to the thalamus
  • Partly through nerves and partly by releasing hormones, the hypothalamus conveys messages to the pituitary gland, altering its release of hormones.
64
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • An endocrine (hormone-producing) gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus
  • In response to messages from the hypothalamus, the pituitary synthesizes hormones that the blood carries to organs throughout the body.
65
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  • A group of subcortical structures lateral to the thalamus, include three major structures:
  • the caudate nucleus,
  • the putamen,
  • globus pallidus

Damage impairs movement

66
Q

Nucleus basalis

A
  • receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons that release acetylcholine to widespread areas in the cerebral cortex
  • For arousal, wakefulness, and attention
67
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • a large structure between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex, mostly toward the posterior of the forebrain
  • critical for certain types of memories, especially memories for individual events
68
Q

Ventricles

A

Your brain floats in a bath of cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid also fills large open structures, called ventricles, which lie deep inside your brain. The fluid-filled ventricles help keep the brain buoyant and cushioned.

69
Q

Cerebrospinal fleud CSF

A

a clear fluid similar to blood plasma. CSF fills the ventricles, flow- ing from the lateral ventricles to the third and fourth ven- tricles.

70
Q

Meninges

A

membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.

Biopsychology (3 decks)

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