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Biopsychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Synapse

A

A specialized gap between neurons

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2
Q

Reflexes

A

Automatic muscular responses to stimuli

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3
Q

Reflex arc

A

The circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response

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4
Q

Which 3 properties of reflexes did Sherrington Observe

A
  • Reflexes are slower than conduction along an axon
  • Several weak stimuli presented at nearby places or times produce a stronger reflex than one stimulus alone does
  • When one set of muscles becomes excited, a different set becomes relaxed.
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5
Q

Temporal summation

A

A synapse is stimulated a second time before the effect of a first stimulus at the synapse has terminated.

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6
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

The neuron that delivers transmission

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7
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

The neuron that receives is

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8
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential EPSP

A

synaptic inputs that depolarize the postsynaptic cell, bringing the membrane potential closer to threshold and closer to firing an action potential.

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9
Q

Why a light pinch of the dog’sfoot did not evoke a reflex, but a few rapidly repeated pinches did?

A

A single pinch did not reach the threshold of excitation for the next neuron

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10
Q

Spatial summation

A

Summation over space

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11
Q

How did Sherrington find spatial summation

A

He pinched a dog too weak to elicit a reflex. After that he pinched two points at once.

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11
Q

How did Sherrington find spatial summation

A

He pinched a dog too weak to elicit a reflex. After that he pinched two points at once.

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12
Q

What was Sherrington’s conclusion about spatial summation?

A

Pinching two points activated seperate sensory neurons, whose axons converged onto one neuron in the spinal cord. A combination of both exceeded the threshold and produced an action potential.

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13
Q

How does a dog walk?

A

A pinch on the food sends a message along a sensory neuron to an interneuron that excites the motor neurons connected to the flexor muscles of that leg and the excensor muscles of the other legs

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14
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential IPSP

A

Temporary hyperpolarization of the membrane

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15
Q

When does an IPSP occur?

A

When synaptic input selectively opens the gates for potassium ions to leave the cell (carrying a positive charge with them) or for chloride ions to enter the cell (carrying a negative charge)

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16
Q

Spontaneous firing rate

A

A periodic production of action potentials even without synaptic input

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17
Q

What does the EPSPs and IPSPs do in case of a spontaneous firing rate?

A

The EPSPs increase the frequency of action potentials above the spontaneous rate, whereas IPSPs decreases it.

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18
Q

the great majority of synapses rely on…

A

Chemical processes

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19
Q

What did Otto Loewi do/find out and how

A

He stimulated the vagus nerve to one frog’s heart, decreasing the heartbeat. When he transferred fluid from that heart to another frog’s heart, he observed a decrease in its heartbeat.

So he found out that nerves send messages by releasing chemicals.

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20
Q

Neurotransmitters of Amino Acids

A
  • Glutamate
  • GABA
  • Glycine
  • Aspartate
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21
Q

Neurotransmitters of a modified amino acid

A

Acetylcholine

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22
Q

Neurotransmitters of monoamines

A
  • Indoleamines: serotonin
  • Catecholamines: Dopamine
  • Norepinephrine: Epinephrine
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23
Q

Neurotransmitters of Neuropeptides

A

Endorphins

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24
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

At a synapse, a neuron releases chemicals that affect another neurons. Those chemicals are neurotransmitters.

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25
Q

How do we call those chemicals that affect other neurons and that are released by neurons

A

Neurotransmitters

26
Q

Nitric oxide

A

a gas released by many small local neurons

27
Q

What is the oddest transmitter?

A

Nitric oxide

28
Q

Catecholamines

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine together.

29
Q

Vesicles

A

Tiny nearly spherical packets

30
Q

MAO

A
  • Neurons that release serotonin, dopamine or norepinephrine contain this enzyme.
  • It breaks down these transmitters into inactive chemicals, thereby preventing the transmitters to accumulate to harmful levels.
31
Q

Exocytosis

A

Burst of release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron

32
Q

Ionotropic effects

A

When the neurotransmitter attaches to its receptor, the receptor may open a channel. So it gives a brief on/off effect.

Imagine a paper bag that is twisted shut at the top. If you untwist it, the opening grows larger so that something can go into or come out of the bag.

33
Q

Transmitter-gated/ ligand-gated

A

The channels controlled by a neurotransmitter

34
Q

Metabotropic effects

A

a type of membrane receptor that initiates a number of metabolic steps to modulate cell activity

35
Q

G protein

A

a protein coupled to guanosine triphosphate (GTP), an energystoring molecule

36
Q

Neuromodulators

A

a messenger released from a neuron that affects the transmission of the signals between neurons

37
Q

What is the name of neuropeptide that the brain produces?

A

Endorphins

38
Q

In which place synthesized? Say it for both neuropeptides and neurotransmitters?

A
  • Cell body
  • presynaptic terminal
39
Q

In which place released? Say it for neuropeptides and neurotransmitters

A
  • Neuropeptides: Mostly from dendrites, also cell body and sides of axon
  • Neurotransmitters: axon terminal
40
Q

Released by? Say it for neuropeptides and neurotransmitters

A
  • Neuropeptides: Repeated depolarization
  • Neurotransmitters: Single action potential
41
Q

Effect on neighboring cells? Say it for neuropeptides and neurotransmitters

A
  • Neuropeptides:They release the neuropeptides too
  • Neurotransmitters: No effect on neighbors
42
Q

Spread of effects? Say it for neuropeptides and neurotransmitters

A
  • Neuropeptides: Diffuse to wide area
  • Neurotransmitters: Effect mostly on receptors of the adjacent postsynaptic cell
43
Q

Duration of effects? Say it for neuropeptides and neurotransmitters

A
  • Neuropeptides: Minutes
  • Neurotransmitters: Milliseconds to seconds
44
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

After Acetylcholine activates a receptor, this enzyme breaks it into two fragments: acetate and choline. The choline diffuses back to the presynaptic neuron, which it takes it up and reconnects it with acetate already in the cell to form acetylcholine again.

45
Q

Reuptake

A

the absorption by a presynaptic nerve ending of a neurotransmitter that it has secreted.

46
Q

COMT

A

Any transmitter molecules that the transporters do not take wil instead break down by this enzyme

47
Q

Autoreceptors

A

Receptors that respond to the released transmitter by inhibiting further synthesis and release. They provide negative feedback

48
Q

How do we make sure that we do not get too many transmitters notification?

A
  • Many presynaptic terminals have receptor sensitive to the same transmitter they release, known as autoreceptors.
  • Some postsynaptic neurons respond to stimulation by releasing chemicals that travel back to the presynaptic terminal to inhibit further release of transmitter.
49
Q

Gap junction

A

The contact between an electrical synapse and the direct contact with the membrane of another.

50
Q

What is the main synaptic effect of Amphetamine?

A

Blocks reuptake of dopamine and several other transmitters

51
Q

What is the main synaptic effect of Cocaine

A

Blocks reuptake of dopamine and several other transmitters

52
Q

What is the main synaptic effect of Methylphenidate (ritalin)

A

Blocks reuptake of dopamine and others, but gradually

53
Q

What is the main synaptic effect of MDMA

A

Releases dopamine and serotonin

54
Q

What is the main synaptic effect of Nicotine?

A

Stimulates nicotinic-type acetylcholine receptor, which increases dopamine release in nucleur accumbens

55
Q

What is the main synaptic effect of Opiates

A

Stimulates endorphin receptors

56
Q

What is the main synaptic effect of Cannabinoids

A

Excites negative-feedback receptors on presynaptic cells; those receptors ordinarily respond to anandamide and 2AG

57
Q

What is the main synaptic effect of Hallucinogens?

A

Stimulates serotonin type 2A receptors.

58
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical secreated by cells in one part of the body and conveyed by the blood to influence other cells

59
Q

Two types of hormones

A
  • Protein hormones
  • peptide hormones
60
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Hormone producing

61
Q

Which hormone does the Hypothalamus secrease?

A

Various ones

62
Q

Which hormone are being secreased by the anterior pituitary?

A
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone
  • Luteinizing hormone- stimulates ovulation
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone- promotes ovum maturation and sperm production
  • ACTH- increases steroid hormone production by adrenal gland
  • Prolactin- Increase milk production
  • Growth hormone
63
Q

Which hormone is secreased by posterior pituitary?

A
  • Oxytocin- Uterine contractios, milk release and sexual pleasure
  • Vasopressin- Raises blood pressure, decreases urine volume

Biopsychology (3 decks)

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