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Bio 94: Exam 2 > Chapter 30: The Evolution Of Seed Plants > Flashcards

Chapter 30: The Evolution Of Seed Plants Flashcards

1
Q

As we reduce the role of the gametophyte, we reduce the dependency on _______.

A

water

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2
Q

What are microspores?

A

Spores that give rise to male gametophytes

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3
Q

What are megaspores?

A

Spores that give rise to female gametophytes

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4
Q

What 4 features are common to all seed plants?

A
  1. Reduced gametophytes
  2. Heterosporous
  3. Ovules
  4. Pollen
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5
Q

What is a gymnosperm?

A

A vascular plant in which the seeds are not enclosed by a protective fruit or flower

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6
Q

What is the evolutionary advantage of seeds?

A
  • They are multicellular
  • Have a protective seed coat and their own food supply
  • Allows them to be protected and remain dormant for years, whereas spores have a shorter lifetime.
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7
Q

List the phylum of gymnosperms

A
  1. Cycadophyta
  2. Gingkophyta
  3. Gnetophyta
  4. Coniferophyta
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the Phylum Cycadophyta?

A
  • Look like palms but aren’t
  • Large cones
  • Tall unbranched trunks
  • Crown of pinnately divided leaves
  • Flagellated Sperm
  • Thrived during Mesozoic era
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9
Q

What are the characteristics of the Phylum Gingkophyta?

A
  • Fan shaped leaves
  • Flagellated sperm
  • Hair like veins branch dichotomously (one branches into two)
  • Deciduous (sheds annually)
  • Dioecious (m/f reproductive parts on separate trees)

Only one species remaining - Gingko biloba

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10
Q

Which gymnosperm has a seed coat with a nauseating odor?

A

Phylum Gingkophyta

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of the Phylum Gnetophyta?

A

Gnetum:
- leaves look similar to leaves on flower stems
- seeds look like fruits but aren’t
Ephedra:
- drought tolerant shrub
- cluster of ovulate cones
Welwitschia:
- plant only produces two massive leaves
- strobili in the center
- can live for thousands of years

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the Phylum Coniferophyta?

A
  • largest of the gymnosperms
  • big trees, most are evergreens
  • do photosynthesis all year round
  • don’t shed their leaves
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13
Q

What phylum does the giant sequoia belong to?

A

Phylum Coniferophyta

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14
Q

Who’s the oldest tree?

A

Methuselah

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15
Q

What are 3 key features of the gymnosperm life cycle?

A
  • dominance of the sporophyte generation
  • development of seeds from fertilized ovules
  • transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen
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16
Q

Explain the life cycle of a pine (gymnosperms)

A
  1. Conifer species have ovulate cones and pollen cones
  2. Microspores develop into pollen grains from the pollen cones and enter the integument of the ovule
  3. Meiosis occurs and female gametophyte develops
  4. Sperm fertilizes the egg (2n)
  5. The seed will grow and produce a sporophyte which develops into a tree
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17
Q

Explain how a gymnosperm’s egg is fertilized.

A
  1. The ovule of a cone consists of a fleshy megasporangium (which holds a megaspore) and is surrounded by a protective layer called an integument
  2. There is an opening in the integument called a micropyle where a pollen grain enters
  3. While the megaspore is developing, 4 haploid cells are produced and 1 survives.
  4. The megaspore develops into a female gametophyte that contains eggs
  5. The pollen grain (containing a male gametophyte) extends a tube to the female gametophyte, releasing its sperm to fertilize it.
  6. The fertilized egg now develops into a seed. The megasporangium dries out and collapses and in replace there is a food supply that surrounds the seed. A spore wall surrounds the food supply and a seed coat (originally the integument) surrounds everything.
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18
Q

What is an angiosperm?

A

A flowering, vascular plant in which the seeds are enclosed by a protective fruit or flower

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19
Q

What is the phylum of angiosperms?

A

Magnoliophyta (aka Anthophyta)

20
Q

List the structures of a flower Include picture, slide 19

A
  • Sepal
  • Petal
  • Receptacle
  • Ovule
  • Stamen
    > Anther
    > Filament
  • Carpel/Pistil
    > Stigma
    > Style
    > Ovary
21
Q

What is the stamen?

A

The male reproductive structure of a flower, containing the filament and the anther (where pollen is produced).

  • produces microspores that develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes
22
Q

What is the carpel?

A

The female reproductive structure of a flower, containing the ovary (has ovules), the style (stem), and the stigma (sticky and received pollen).

  • produces megaspores that contain female gametophytes
23
Q

What is pollination?

A

The act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma

24
Q

What is the function of the sepal?

A

Protect the ovary and prevent insects from getting to the nectar

25
Q

What is the function of the petal?

A

Attract pollinators

26
Q

What is the name for all the sepals on one flower?

A

Calyx

27
Q

What is the name for all petals on one flower?

A

Corolla

28
Q

What is a perianth?

A

Calyx (sepals) + Corolla (petals)

29
Q

What is a fruit?

A

Seed-bearing structure in angiosperms formed from the ovary after flowering

30
Q

What is the anatomy of a fruit?

A

Pericarp:

  1. Exocarp - skin
  2. Endocarp - Inner boundary around the seed
  3. Mesocarp - tissue b/w exocarp and endocarp
31
Q

What is a fleshy fruit?

A

Mesocarp is fleshy at maturity

E.g., tomato, grapefruit, nectarine

32
Q

What is a dry fruit?

A

Mesocarp is dry at maturity

E.g., hazelnuts, milkweed

33
Q

What are the different fruit adaptations that enhance seed dispersal?

A
  • Wind dispersal
  • Animal transportation
  • Animal ingestion
34
Q

What is a true fruit?

A

Fruits formed by the ovary

35
Q

What is an accessory fruit?

A

Fruits formed by an exterior tissue

36
Q

What are simple fruits?

A

Fruits derived from a single carpel/pistil

E.g., tomato

37
Q

What are aggregate fruits?

A

Fruits derived from a single flower that has multiple carpels, each forming separate fruit

E.g., raspberry

38
Q

What are multiple fruits?

A

Fruits derived from a single inflorescence, a cluster of flowers.

39
Q

What is the red fleshy part of a strawberry?

A

The receptacle; the accessory fruit; it is made of accessory tissue.

40
Q

Explain the life cycle of an angiosperm

A
  1. In the ovule, a megasporangium does meiosis and produces 4 megaspores (n); only one survives and gives rise to female gametophyte (embryo sac).
  2. In the anther, microsporangium contain microsporocytes that do meiosis and produce microspores (n), which gives rise to male gametophytes (pollen grains).
  3. The pollen grain, carrying 2 sperms, sticks to the stigma and produces a pollen tube inside of it.
  4. The 2 sperm will discharge into an ovule and fertilize it (2n).
  5. One sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other fertilizes the central cell (which develops into the food supply).
  6. The zygote develops into an embryo, containing the food and the seed.
  7. Young sporophyte germinates into mature sporophyte.
41
Q

What is an embryo sac?

A

The female gametophyte that develops within an ovule

42
Q

What is the micropyle?

A

A pore that the pollen grain enters through in order to access the ovule

43
Q

What is double fertilization?

A

When the pollen tube discharges 2 sperm into the female gametophyte

44
Q

What is the endosperm?

A

The food supply (3n)

45
Q

What are the key characteristics of a monocot?

A
  • one cotyledon
  • parallel veins
  • scattered vascular tissue
  • fibrous root system
  • pollen grain with one opening
  • floral organs in multiples of 3
46
Q

What are the key characteristics of a dicot?

A
  • two cotyledons
  • netlike veins
  • ringed vascular tissue
  • taproot (main root) present
  • pollen grain with 3 openings
  • floral organs in multiples of 4/5

Bio 94: Exam 2 (6 decks)

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