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Bio 94: Exam 2 > Chapter 28: Protists > Flashcards

Chapter 28: Protists Flashcards

1
Q

What is a protist?

A

Any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant, or fungus.

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2
Q

When did the oldest eukaryotic fossils appear?

A

2.1 billion years ago

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3
Q

Is the kingdom, Protista, monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?

A

Paraphyletic

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4
Q

What are the fundamental (basic) features of eukaryotes?

A
  • Nucleus with nuclear envelope - Mitochondria, ER, cytoskeleton - Multicellular - Sexual reproduction - Several complex RNA polymerases - translation begins with methionine
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5
Q

The organisms in most eukaryotic lineages are _________.

A

protists

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6
Q

Most protists are _______________.

A

unicellular

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7
Q

True or False: Protists do not exhibit structural and functional diversity

A

False, they do so tremendously

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8
Q

True or False: All traits found in protists can be found in other organisms as well

A

True

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9
Q

What are the four supergroups of eukaryotes?

A
  1. Excavata 2. The ‘SAR’ Clade 3. Archaeplastida 4. Unikonta
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10
Q

What are the groups within Excavata?

A
  • Diplomonads - Parabasalids - Euglenozoans
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11
Q

What are the groups within The ‘SAR’ Clade?

A
  1. Stramennopiles - Diatoms - Golden Algae - Brown Algae 2. Alveolates - Dinoflagellates - Apicomplexans - Ciliates 3. Rhizarians - Forams - Cercozoans
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12
Q

What are the groups within Archaeplastida?

A
  1. Red algae - Rhodohyta 2. Green algae - Ulothrix - Chlamydomonas - Pandorina - Spyrogyra - Volvox 3. Land plants
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13
Q

What are the groups within Unikonta?

A
  1. Amoebozoans - Slime molds - Tubulinids - Entamoebas 2. Opisthokonts
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14
Q

DNA resemblance between slime molds and fungi is a result of ____________ _____________.

A

Convergent evolution

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15
Q

Slime molds include two lineages, what are they?

A
  1. Plasmodial slime molds 2. Cellular slime molds
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16
Q

Slime molds make _________ ___________ to find food.

A

conscious decisions

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17
Q

What are tubulinids?

A
  • Diverse group of amoebozoans with lobe/tube shaped pseudopodia - unicellular - heterotrophic - consume bacteria and other Protists
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18
Q

What are opisthokonts?

A

Extremely diverse group of eukaryotes including animals and fungi

19
Q

In short, what does the supergroup Unikonta include?

A

Protists that are closely related to fungi and animals

20
Q

What is the key characteristic of euglenozoans in the Excavates supergroup?

A

Spiral or crystalline rod flagella

21
Q

What is the key characteristic of diplomonads and parabasalids in the Excavates supergroup?

A

Modified mitochondria For diplomonads, it’s called mitosomes For parabasalids, it’s called hydrogenosomes

22
Q

What is the key characteristic of stramenopiles in The ‘SAR’ Clade supergroup?

A

Hairy and smooth flagella

23
Q

What is a kinetoplast?

A

An organized mass of DNA

24
Q

Euglenids lack cell walls, what do they have instead?

A

A pellicle, which is a protein band beneath the plasma membrane.

25
Q

What is the key characteristic of green algae in the Archaeplastida supergroup?

A

Plant-type chloroplasts

26
Q

What is the key characteristic of amoebozoans in the Unikonta supergroup?

A

Lobe-shaped or tube-shaped pseudopodia

27
Q

Which supergroups include photosynthetic members?

A

Excavata, ‘SAR’ Clade, and Archaeplastida

28
Q

What is the key characteristic of red algae in the Archaeplastida supergroup?

A

Phycoerythrin (photosynthetic pigment)

29
Q

What is the key characteristic of rhizarians in The ‘SAR’ Clade supergroup?

A

Amoebas with threadlike pseudopodia

30
Q

Define endosymbiont

A

A cell that lives within a host cell

31
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Organelles within eukaryotic cells appeared as a result of endosymbiosis between prokaryotic endosymbionts and eukaryotic host cells.

  • this explains how eukaryotic features evolved from prokaryotic cells
32
Q

What is the key characteristic of alveolates in The ‘SAR’ Clade supergroup?

A

Membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) beneath the plasma membrane

33
Q

In the endosymbiont theory, _____________ were engulfed into the ancestral prokaryote to form ancestral heterotrophic eukaryotes.

A

mitochondria (aerobic bacterium)

34
Q

In the endosymbiont theory, _____________ were engulfed into the ancestral prokaryote to form ancestral photosynthetic eukaryotes.

A

plastids (photosynthetic bacterium)

35
Q

Which supergroup is the most controversial?

A

SAR Clade

36
Q

In short, what does the supergroup Excavates include?

A

Protists with modified mitochondria and unique flagella

36
Q

In short, what does the supergroup Archaeplatida include?

A

The closest relatives of land plants (red and green algae)

36
Q

How do Protists live as mutualists?

A

They establish mutualistic relationships with other organisms 1. Coral polyps rely on dinoflagellates do producing a significant amount of their food (dinoflagellates are considered endosymbionts here). Many corals require Protists in order to survive, otherwise they may undergo coral bleaching.

37
Q

How do Protists live as parasites?

A

Symbiotic Protists thrive inside mosquitos and use them as a primary host. When a mosquito bites a human, the Protists transfer to the new secondary host. The Protist, Plasmodium, now infect the human and cause malaria.

38
Q

Which supergroup contains bioluminescent organisms?

A

‘SAR’ Clade

41
Q

In terms of cellularity, are excavates unicellular or multicellular?

A

All are unicellular

42
Q

In terms of cellularity, is The ‘SAR’ Clade unicellular or multicellular?

A

It varies 1. Stramenopiles - diatoms are unicellular - golden algae are unicellular - brown algae are multicellular 2. Alveolates - dinoflagellates are unicellular - apicomplexans are unicellular - ciliates are unicellular 3. Rhizaria - forams are unicellular - radiolarins are unicellular

43
Q

In terms of cellularity, are archaeplastidas unicellular or multicellular?

A

Red algae - multicellular Green algae - unicellular and multicellular

44
Q

In terms of cellularity, are unikonta unicellular or multicellular?

A

Unikonta consists of animals and fungi, so it varies greatly.

Bio 94: Exam 2 (6 decks)

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