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Bio 94: Exam 2 > Chapter 27: Bacteria & Archaea > Flashcards

Chapter 27: Bacteria & Archaea Flashcards

1
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Organisms who’s cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

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2
Q

Prokaryotes are masters of ________ and _________.

A

adaptation, metabolism

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3
Q

What does it mean to be masters of adaptation?

A

An organism can thrive almost everywhere (Including places too acidic, salty, cold, hot etc.)

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4
Q

What does it mean to be masters of metabolism?

A

Organisms have numerous methods for obtaining carbon and energy

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5
Q

Prokaryote cells are _________ (smaller/bigger) than many eukaryote cells.

A

smaller

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6
Q

Define unicellular

A

Organisms that are made of only one cell (All functions are carried out within one cell)

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7
Q

Are prokaryotes unicellular or multicellular?

A

Unicellular

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8
Q

What are the 3 different morphologies of bacteria?

A

Coccus Bacillus Spirillum

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9
Q

What do coccus bacteria look like?

A

Sphere shaped

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10
Q

What do bacillus bacteria look like?

A

Rod shaped (Oblong oval cheeto thing)

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11
Q

What do spirillum bacteria look like?

A

Twists like a spiral (Zigzag thingy)

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12
Q

In eukaryotes with cell walls (plants), the walls are usually made up of cellulose or chitin. What do bacterial cell walls contain?

A

Peptidoglycan

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13
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

A polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that form a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of bacteria, forming a cell wall.

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14
Q

There are two types of cell walls, what are they?

A

Gram-positive (Gram +) Gram-negative (Gram -)

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15
Q

Describe a Gram-positive cell wall.

A
  • Purple after staining
  • Retains the crystal violet colour after staining
  • Single layered, straight cell wall
  • Rigid (less elastic)
  • Large amount of peptidoglycan
  • No outer membrane
  • Not pathogenic to humans/animals
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16
Q

Describe a Gram-negative cell wall.

A
  • Pink after staining
  • Clear (does not retain the crystal violet colour) after staining
  • Two layered, wavy cell wall
  • Elastic (less rigid)
  • Smaller amount of peptidoglycan
  • Outer membrane present
  • Pathogenic to humans/animals
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17
Q

Which picture is Gram-positive and Gram-negative?

A

A is Gram-positive

B is Gram-negative

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18
Q

Flagella affect ______.

A

motility

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19
Q

Some prokaryotes have specialized membranes that perform metabolic functions. What are the two prokaryotes?

A
  1. Aerobic Prokaryotes
  2. Photosynthetic Prokaryotes (cyanobacteria)
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20
Q

What specialized membrane do Aerobic Prokaryotes have?

A

Infolding of the plasma membrane

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21
Q

What specialized membrane do Photosynthetic Prokaryotes have?

A

Thylakoid membranes (similar to those in chloroplasts)

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22
Q

If you see a cell wall and it has peptidoglycan in the cell wall, it must be ________.

A

Bacteria

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23
Q

What is a capsule?

A

A sticky, dense layer of polysaccharide/protein that surrounds the cell wall of many prokaryotes.

24
Q

What three factors give rise to high levels of genetic diversity in prokaryotes?

A
  1. Rapid reproduction
  2. Mutation
  3. Genetic recombination
25
Q

What is rapid reproduction and mutation?

A

When populations reproduce with mutations (due to insertions, deletions and base-pair substitutions in DNA) at a rapid rate.

26
Q

What is genetic recombination and what are the 3 steps?

A
  • The combining of DNA from two sources
  1. Transformation
  2. Transduction
  3. Conjugation
27
Q

In genetic recombination, what is transformation?

A
  • A change in genotype and phenotype due to the cell’s take up of pieces of DNA from a leftover lysed cell
28
Q

In genetic recombination, what is transduction?

A
  • When bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another
  • The recipient cell’s chromosome becomes a combo of DNA derived from two cells
29
Q

In genetic recombination, what is conjugation?

A
  • DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells that are temporarily joined.
  • A pilus of the donor cell attaches to the recipient and retracts, pulling the two cells together, like a grappling hook.
  • DNA is transferred
30
Q

What is Prokaryote Metabolism?

A

The different methods of which prokaryotes use and aquire their carbon and energy

31
Q

What are the 6 nutritional modes?

A
  1. Photoautotroph
  2. Chemoorganoautroph
  3. Chemoautotroph
  4. Photoheterotroph
  5. Chemoheterotroph
  6. Chemolithotroph
32
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Organisms that synthesize their own carbon source from an inorganic carbon source (photosynthesis/chemosynthesis).

33
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organisms that cannot synthesize their own carbon source and need to obtain it from the environment.

34
Q

What are photoautotrophs?

A

Organisms that synthesize their own carbon source while obtaining energy (ATP) from a light source (phototrophs).

35
Q

What are chemoorganoautotrophs?

A

Organisms that synthesize their own carbon source while obtaining energy (ATP) from organic (organotrophs) molecules (consisting of both C and H).

36
Q

What are chemoautotrophs?

A

Organisms that synthesize their own carbon source while obtaining energy (ATP) from inorganic (lithotroph) molecules (missing either C or H).

37
Q

What are photoheterotrophs?

A

Organisms that cannot synthesize their own carbon source and obtain energy (ATP) from a light source (phototrophs).

38
Q

What are chemoheterotrophs?

A

Organisms that cannot synthesize their own carbon source and obtain energy (ATP) from organic (organotrophs) molecules (consisting of both C and H).

39
Q

What are chemolithotrophs?

A

Organisms that cannot synthesize their own carbon source and obtain energy (ATP) from inorganic (lithotroph) molecules (missing either C or H).

40
Q

Fill in the blanks

A
41
Q

What are other prokaryote metabolic adaptations?

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Nitrogen Metabolism
  3. Metabolic Cooperation
42
Q

How does oxygen play a role in prokaryote metabolism?

A

There are prokaryotes that are:

  1. Obligate aerobes
    - need an aerobic environment to survive
  2. Obligate anaerobes
    - need an anaerobic environment to survive
  3. Facultative anaerobes
    - prefer anaerobic conditions, but can survive in aerobic too
43
Q

Why is nitrogen metabolism essential and how do prokaryotes do it?

A
  • Essential for the production of amino acids and nucleic acids in all organisms
  • Prokaryotes perform Nitrogen Fixation; converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)
  • When prokaryotes perform nitrogen fixation it also helps other plants (who cannot obtain nitrgoen from the atmosphere)
44
Q

How does metabolic cooperation work?

A

Cells in a biofilm (surface-coating colonies) secrete signaling molecules that recruit nearby cells, causing the colonies to grow. This allows them to use environmental resources they could not use as individual cells.

45
Q

What are cyanobacteria?

A
  • Gram-negative photoautotrophs.
  • Only prokaryotes with plantlike, oxygen-generating photosynthesis.
46
Q

What is an extremophile?

A

An organism that grows in extreme conditions or habitats

47
Q

What are the 6 types of extremophiles?

A
  1. Hyperthermophiles (Extreme thermophiles)
  2. Psychrophiles
  3. Acidophile
  4. Alkaliphile
  5. Halophile
  6. Barophile
48
Q

What is a hyperthermophile?

A

An organism that thrives in extremely hot environments

  • typically above 60 °C (140 °F)
  • preferably 80°C
49
Q

What is a psychrophile?

A

An organism that thrives in extremely cold environments
- roughly -20 °C to 10°C

50
Q

What is an acidophile?

A

An organism that lives in an acidic environment
- at or below pH3

51
Q

What is an alkaliphile?

A

An organism that lives in an alkaline (basic) environment
- at or above pH9

52
Q

What is a halophile?

A

An organism that lives in a high salinity (salty) environment
- at least 2M of NaCl for growth

53
Q

What is a barophile?

A

An organism that lives in a high pressure environment

54
Q

True or False:

Only Archaea are extremophiles

A

False

Many Bacteria and Eukaryotes are also extremophiles

55
Q

What are the main differences between Archaea and Bacteria?

A

Bio 94: Exam 2 (6 decks)

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