Chapter 30 & 31

Question 1

Adaptations to land

Answer 1

Cuticle
Stomata
Tracheids 
Leaves
Pollen
Diploid dominance

Question 2

Cuticle

Answer 2

Reduces water loss to adapt to living on land

Question 3

Stomata

Answer 3

Special openings for gas exchange
Controls water loss
CO2 to oxygen

Question 4

Tracheids

Answer 4

Moves water and minerals around a plant like a vein

Question 5

Leaves

Answer 5

Solar panels for sunlight

Surface area for photosynthesis

Question 6

Pollen

Answer 6

Adaptation to producing on land

Question 7

Diploid dominance

Answer 7

Most plants are diploid dominant

Allows for greater genetic variability

Question 8

Haplodiplontic

Answer 8

Both gametophyte and sporophyte stages are multicellular

Question 9

Earliest plant ancestors

Answer 9

Monophyletic with plants

Chlorophytes & Charophytes

Question 10

Chlorophytes

Answer 10

Green algae with choraphyl a and b and carotenoids
Unicellular, nonmotile (chlorella)
Unicellular, motile (chlamydomonas)
Colonial, motile (volvox)
Multicellular (ulva)

Question 11

Charophytes

Answer 11

Freshwater algae
Divide like land plants
Sister taxon to land plants
Chara, Coleochaeta

Question 12

Nonvascular plants

Answer 12

Doesn’t have veins

Lack xylem and phloem (spore producers)

Question 13

Phylum: Hepaticophyta

Answer 13

Nonvascular
Liverworts
Loved or miss like gametophyte that is a prostrate (thallus)
Single celled rhizoids

Question 14

Phylum: Anthocerotophyta

Answer 14

Nonvascular
Hornworts
Sporophyte rising up like a green stem

Question 15

Phylum: Bryophyta

Answer 15

Nonvascular 
Mosses
Most common nonvascular plant
Multicellular rhizoids 
Antheridia and archegonium

Question 16

Vascular plants (Tracheophytes)

Answer 16

Have veins
Phylum: Lycophyta
Phylum: Pterophyta

Question 17

Phylum: Lycophyta

Answer 17

vascular 
Clubmoss
Microphyllic leaves
Produces cones
Poorly rooted
Heterosporous & Homosporous

Question 18

Phylum: Pterophyta

Answer 18

Vascular
Large leaves, complex veins
Whiskferns: leaves reduced, mostly dichotomous stems
Horsetails/Scouring rushes: leaves reduced to scales, hollow stems with lots of silica
True ferns

Question 19

Spores

Answer 19

Embryo
Thin coat wall
Dormancy
Protection

Question 20

Seeds

Answer 20

Thick coat with protection & dispersal

Stored food

Question 21

Seed plants

Answer 21

Gymnosperms: naked seeds
Phylum: cycadophyta 
Cycads poisonous, motile sperm, 206 forms
Phylum: Ginkgophyta
Maidenhair tree, motile sperm, 1
Phylum: Gnetophyta
Nonmotile sperm, 65 forms
Phylum: Coniferophyta
Pines, cedars, dominant 601 forms

Question 22

Angiosperms (Magnoliophyta=Anthophyta)

Answer 22

Covered seeds
Has a flower
Monocot: 1 cotyledon (orchid)
Dicot: 2 cotyledon (coffee, sunflower)
Contains pollen

Question 23

Pollination

Answer 23

Transfer of pollen

Question 24

Fertilization

Answer 24

Egg and sperm fuse

Question 25

Double fertilization

Answer 25

Egg and sperm to zygote 2n

Polar nuclei and sperm to endosperm 3n

Question 26

Embryogenesis

Answer 26

Seed structure
Endosperm
Cotyledons
Embryo