Chapter 3.0

Question 1

is of fundamental importance in developing and designing strategies for intersection control, rural highways, and freeway segments.

Answer 1

Traffic flow

Question 2

he must understand not only the basic characteristics of the driver, the vehicle, and the roadway, but how each interacts with the others.

Answer 2

traffic or highway engineer

Question 3

The four main components of the highway mode of transportation are

Answer 3

driver
pedestrian
vehicle
road

Question 4

The principal characteristics of the eye are visual acuity, peripheral vision, color vision, glare vision and recovery, and depth perception.

Answer 4

Visual Reception

Question 5

is the ability to see fine details of an object.

Answer 5

Visual Acuity

Question 6

is used to determine the smallest letters you can read on a standardized chart (Snellen chart) or a card held 20 feet (6 meters) away.

Answer 6

visual acuity test

Question 7

are used when testing at distances shorter than 20 feet (6 meters). Some Snellen charts are actually video monitors showing letters or images.

Answer 7

Special charts

Question 8

is the ability of people to see objects beyond the cone of clearest vision.

Answer 8

Peripheral vision

Question 9

is the ability to differentiate one color from another, but deficiency in this ability, usually referred to as color blindness, is not of great significance in highway driving because other ways of recognizing traffic information devices (e.g., shape) can compensate for it.

Answer 9

Color vision

Question 10

two types of glare vision:

Answer 10

direct
specular

Question 11

occurs when relatively bright light appears in the individual’s field of vision

Answer 11

direct glare

Question 12

occurs when the image reflected by the relatively bright light appears in the field of vision

Answer 12

specular glare

Question 13

The time required by a person to recover from the effects of glare after passing the light source is known as

Answer 13

glare recovery

Question 14

affects the ability of a person to estimate speed and distance. It is particularly important on two-lane highways during passing maneuvers, when head-on crashes may result from a lack of proper judgment of speed and distance.

Answer 14

Depth perception

Question 15

It should be noted, however, that the human eye is not very good at estimating absolute values of speed, distance, size, and acceleration.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

The ear receives sound stimuli, which is important to drivers only when warning sounds, usually given out by emergency vehicles, are to be detected.

Answer 16

Hearing Perception

Question 17

The process through which a driver, cyclist, or pedestrian evaluates and reacts to a stimulus can be divided into four subprocesses:

Answer 17

1. Perception
2. Identification
3. Emotion
4. Reaction or Volition

Question 18

the driver sees a control device, warning sign, or object on the road

Answer 18

Perception

Question 19

the driver identifies the object or control device and thus understands the stimulus

Answer 19

Identification

Question 20

the driver decides what action to take in response to the stimulus; for example, to step on the brake pedal, to pass, to swerve, or to change lanes

Answer 20

Emotion

Question 21

the driver actually executes the action decided on during the emotion sub-process.

Answer 21

Reaction or volition

Question 22

sometimes referred to as PIEV time or (more commonly) as perception-reaction time

Answer 22

perception, identification, emotion, and volition

Question 23

as one grows older, his or her sensory, cognitive, and physical functioning ability declines, which can result in older drivers being less safe than their younger counterparts, and with a higher probability of being injured when involved in a crash

Answer 23

True