chapter 3: uneven development global inequalities Flashcards
where is the geographical pattern of poverty?
-southern, equatorial patterns
- rural (not urban)
what are the resources that poor ppl use?
-Extractive resources vs human resources.
-Agricultural/ minerals vs education/ data/ financial
what’s the primary, secondary and tertiary economic activity ?
primary: agricultural
secondary: manufactural
tertiary: services
Whats the age structure of more developed countries vs less developed countries?
-more developed: more ppl that are > 65 yrs
-less developed: more ppl that are < 15 yrs
whats the dominant economic activity of less developed countries/ more dev countries?
more dev: services
less dev: resources
whats the gov type of less developed countries/ more dev countries?
more dev: stable/ democratic/ less corrupt
less dev: unstable/ undemocratic/ corrupt
What measures if a country is less or more developed?
- economic measures:
we can talk about externalities: extra consequences of economic activities
-Socio-Demographic Indicators:
Relative welfare:
Education, life-expectancy, infant mortality, communication, equality..
-Environmental Indicators:
More recent phenomenon:
Access to water, air quality, ect…
Whats an example of a socio-demographic indicator? what does it reveal about a country?
-human development index (HDI)
-it reveals: -health (life expentancy at birth)
-knowledge: (Mean years of schooling) and (Expected years of schooling)
-Standard of living
(Gross National Income per capita)
whats the role of inequality- adjusted HDI (IHDI)
-Accounts for inequality within a country
-High values indicate more equality
-Ideally the HDI and IHDI would be the same
What can you say about the difference between the HDI and IHDI ?
The greater the difference between the two, the greater the inequality
whats the GII?
gender inequality index
what does the GII measure?
the level of inequality within a country
how does the GII measure the level of inequality in a country?
-reproductive health
-empowerment
-labour market participation
while measuring the GII, what does it mean when there is a score of 0? and 1?
0= full equality
1= full inequality
whats an example of a environmental indicator?
the happy planet index
What does the happy planet index measure?
-the ecological footprint (measure of how much land and resources an individual, population, or activity requires to produce the goods and services it consumes )
-experienced well-being
-life expectancy at birth / life expectancy.
Whats the scale of happy planet index?
0-10
whats the ranks of these countries in the happy planet index?
canada:
US:
costa rica
vanuatu
columbia
Canada:105th(152 countries)
-US 122nd
-Costa Rica (#1)
-Vanuatu(#2)
-Columbia (#3)
the semiperiphery tend to have a good balance between what and what
Tend to have a good balance
between social and environmental factors
What was Jared Diamond’s (1997) theory?
-Eurasian civilizations had more interactions and easier spread of agricultural technology because of the east–west alignment of the continent and the presence of similar climatic conditions along similar latitudes.
-While acknowledging the concerns of critics against environmental determinism, the spread of technologies to Europe might help explain Western Europe’s historical capacity for overseas colonization.
Whats the Neo-liberal theory?
-free and unregulated market (no gov intervention)
-removal barrier to trade
cause of poverty/ underdevelopment?
poorly implemented macro-economic policies
how do we solve the poverty problem?
liberalize economies:
Neo-liberal market reforms (SAPs ?)
Deregulation within the economy (free market)
what are Rostow’s stages of the model of economic development?
- traditional society : limited technology: static society.
- preconditions for take-off: commercial exploitation of agriculture and extractive industry (removal of natural resources from the Earth.)
- take-off: Development of a manufacturing sector
- drive to maturity : development of wider industrial and commercial base
- high mass consumption
whats the dependency theory?
underdevelopment of some countries is a result of their economic dependence on more powerful and advanced nations, leading to unequal relationships and limited opportunities for growth= Linked to foreign investment and international trade
- what does the dependency theory create?
- its associated with what?
- 2 divisions: dominant (core) and dependant countries (periphery).
- marxism and socialism and is a product of colonialism
Why does underdevelopment exist?
Core exploits and “underdevelops’ the periphery for access to cheap resources and labour
world systems theory
immanuel wellertein
One world divided by economic power relations
- core (more developed countries, MDCs)
- periphery (least developed countries)
- Semi-periphery (less developed / transitional countries)
-Emphasizes social (quality of life) development over economic
-reduce poverty
In the theory of world systems theory, why does underdevelopment exist?
core and semi-periphery exploit the periphery for profit
In the poverty reduction theory, why does underdevelopment exist?
-macro-economic policies favor capital (economic) over social development
-poor cannot escape traps of poverty
what are two approaches on poverty reduction theory?
-bottom up approach (empowering people with skills, resources, and opportunities to improve their own circumstances.)
- tickle down: Businesses will lead to economic growth with improving the circumstances of the broader population
we focus on what in the poverty reduction theory?
local influences on development: Education, healthcare, credit for the poor, fair trade, international aid
whats the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?
whats their aim? what are the 8 goals?
-In 2000 the UN’s Millennium Summit of world leaders identified eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
-improving the lives of people in poor countries by 2015
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
2. Achieve universal primary education.
3. Promote gender equality and empower women.
4. Reduce child mortality.
5. Improve maternal health.
6. Combat disease.
7. Ensure environmental sustainability.
8. Develop a “global partnership for development.”
“Every
individual has the right to dignity, freedom, equality, a basic standard of living that includes freedom from hunger and violence, and encourages tolerance and solidarity” who says that?
the UN’s Millennium Summit of world leaders
the UN developed the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be achieved by which date ? its aim?
2030, end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity
what are the 17 SDSs?
- End poverty.
- End hunger.
- Ensure good health and well-being for all.
- Ensure quality education for all.
- Achieve gender equality.
- Ensure availability of clean water and sanitation.
- Ensure access to affordable and clean energy.
- Promote decent work and economic growth.
- Promote industry and innovation, and build infrastructure.
- Reduce inequalities.
- Create sustainable cities and communities.
- Ensure responsible consumption and production.
- Take urgent action to combat climate change.
- Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources.
- Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems.
- Promote peace, justice, and strong institutions.
- Strengthen and revitalize partnerships to achieve the goals.
what are the issues of underdevelopment?
-Feeding the World (ensuring that a population has access to an adequate and nutritious food supply)
-Refugees
-Natural Disasters and Disease
Where are located the 46 least developed countries?
in AFRICA
what are 4 main market reforms?
-budget deficit inflation
-promote export
-reduce barriers trade
-devalue currency
Whats the role of MNCs (Multinational Corporations) (big companies that operate in multiple countries, doing business and making profits on a global scale)
exploit the poor for profit
