chapter 3: uneven development global inequalities

Question 1

where is the geographical pattern of poverty?

Answer 1

-southern, equatorial patterns
- rural (not urban)

Question 2

what are the resources that poor ppl use?

Answer 2

-Extractive resources vs human resources.
-Agricultural/ minerals vs education/ data/ financial

Question 3

what’s the primary, secondary and tertiary economic activity ?

Answer 3

primary: agricultural
secondary: manufactural
tertiary: services

Question 4

Whats the age structure of more developed countries vs less developed countries?

Answer 4

-more developed: more ppl that are > 65 yrs
-less developed: more ppl that are < 15 yrs

Question 5

whats the dominant economic activity of less developed countries/ more dev countries?

Answer 5

more dev: services
less dev: resources

Question 6

whats the gov type of less developed countries/ more dev countries?

Answer 6

more dev: stable/ democratic/ less corrupt
less dev: unstable/ undemocratic/ corrupt

Question 7

What measures if a country is less or more developed?

Answer 7

• economic measures:
  we can talk about externalities: extra consequences of economic activities

-Socio-Demographic Indicators:
Relative welfare:
Education, life-expectancy, infant mortality, communication, equality..

-Environmental Indicators:
More recent phenomenon:
Access to water, air quality, ect…

Question 8

Whats an example of a socio-demographic indicator? what does it reveal about a country?

Answer 8

-human development index (HDI)
-it reveals: -health (life expentancy at birth)
-knowledge: (Mean years of schooling) and (Expected years of schooling)
-Standard of living
(Gross National Income per capita)

Question 9

whats the role of inequality- adjusted HDI (IHDI)

Answer 9

-Accounts for inequality within a country
-High values indicate more equality
-Ideally the HDI and IHDI would be the same

Question 10

What can you say about the difference between the HDI and IHDI ?

Answer 10

The greater the difference between the two, the greater the inequality

Question 11

whats the GII?

Answer 11

gender inequality index

Question 12

what does the GII measure?

Answer 12

the level of inequality within a country

Question 13

how does the GII measure the level of inequality in a country?

Answer 13

-reproductive health
-empowerment
-labour market participation

Question 14

while measuring the GII, what does it mean when there is a score of 0? and 1?

Answer 14

0= full equality
1= full inequality

Question 15

whats an example of a environmental indicator?

Answer 15

the happy planet index

Question 16

What does the happy planet index measure?

Answer 16

-the ecological footprint (measure of how much land and resources an individual, population, or activity requires to produce the goods and services it consumes )
-experienced well-being
-life expectancy at birth / life expectancy.

Question 17

Whats the scale of happy planet index?

Answer 17

0-10

Question 18

whats the ranks of these countries in the happy planet index?
canada:
US:
costa rica
vanuatu
columbia

Answer 18

Canada:105th(152 countries)
-US 122nd
-Costa Rica (#1)
-Vanuatu(#2)
-Columbia (#3)

Question 19

the semiperiphery tend to have a good balance between what and what

Answer 19

Tend to have a good balance
between social and environmental factors

Question 20

What was Jared Diamond’s (1997) theory?

Answer 20

-Eurasian civilizations had more interactions and easier spread of agricultural technology because of the east–west alignment of the continent and the presence of similar climatic conditions along similar latitudes.
-While acknowledging the concerns of critics against environmental determinism, the spread of technologies to Europe might help explain Western Europe’s historical capacity for overseas colonization.

Question 21

Whats the Neo-liberal theory?

Answer 21

-free and unregulated market (no gov intervention)
-removal barrier to trade

Question 22

cause of poverty/ underdevelopment?

Answer 22

poorly implemented macro-economic policies

Question 23

how do we solve the poverty problem?

Answer 23

liberalize economies:
Neo-liberal market reforms (SAPs ?)
Deregulation within the economy (free market)

Question 24

what are Rostow’s stages of the model of economic development?

Answer 24

1. traditional society : limited technology: static society.
2. preconditions for take-off: commercial exploitation of agriculture and extractive industry (removal of natural resources from the Earth.)
3. take-off: Development of a manufacturing sector
4. drive to maturity : development of wider industrial and commercial base
5. high mass consumption

Question 25

whats the dependency theory?

Answer 25

underdevelopment of some countries is a result of their economic dependence on more powerful and advanced nations, leading to unequal relationships and limited opportunities for growth= Linked to foreign investment and international trade

Question 26

1. what does the dependency theory create?
2. its associated with what?

Answer 26

1. 2 divisions: dominant (core) and dependant countries (periphery).
2. marxism and socialism and is a product of colonialism

Question 27

Why does underdevelopment exist?

Answer 27

Core exploits and “underdevelops’ the periphery for access to cheap resources and labour

Question 28

world systems theory

Answer 28

immanuel wellertein
One world divided by economic power relations
- core (more developed countries, MDCs)
- periphery (least developed countries)
- Semi-periphery (less developed / transitional countries)
-Emphasizes social (quality of life) development over economic
-reduce poverty

Question 29

In the theory of world systems theory, why does underdevelopment exist?

Answer 29

core and semi-periphery exploit the periphery for profit

Question 30

In the poverty reduction theory, why does underdevelopment exist?

Answer 30

-macro-economic policies favor capital (economic) over social development
-poor cannot escape traps of poverty

Question 31

what are two approaches on poverty reduction theory?

Answer 31

-bottom up approach (empowering people with skills, resources, and opportunities to improve their own circumstances.)
- tickle down: Businesses will lead to economic growth with improving the circumstances of the broader population

Question 32

we focus on what in the poverty reduction theory?

Answer 32

local influences on development: Education, healthcare, credit for the poor, fair trade, international aid

Question 33

whats the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?
whats their aim? what are the 8 goals?

Answer 33

-In 2000 the UN’s Millennium Summit of world leaders identified eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

-improving the lives of people in poor countries by 2015
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
2. Achieve universal primary education.
3. Promote gender equality and empower women.
4. Reduce child mortality.
5. Improve maternal health.
6. Combat disease.
7. Ensure environmental sustainability.
8. Develop a “global partnership for development.”

Question 34

“Every
individual has the right to dignity, freedom, equality, a basic standard of living that includes freedom from hunger and violence, and encourages tolerance and solidarity” who says that?

Answer 34

the UN’s Millennium Summit of world leaders

Question 35

the UN developed the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be achieved by which date ? its aim?

Answer 35

2030, end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity

Question 36

what are the 17 SDSs?

Answer 36

1. End poverty.
2. End hunger.
3. Ensure good health and well-being for all.
4. Ensure quality education for all.
5. Achieve gender equality.
6. Ensure availability of clean water and sanitation.
7. Ensure access to affordable and clean energy.
8. Promote decent work and economic growth.
9. Promote industry and innovation, and build infrastructure.
10. Reduce inequalities.
11. Create sustainable cities and communities.
12. Ensure responsible consumption and production.
13. Take urgent action to combat climate change.
14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources.
15. Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems.
16. Promote peace, justice, and strong institutions.
17. Strengthen and revitalize partnerships to achieve the goals.

Question 37

what are the issues of underdevelopment?

Answer 37

-Feeding the World (ensuring that a population has access to an adequate and nutritious food supply)
-Refugees
-Natural Disasters and Disease

Question 38

Where are located the 46 least developed countries?

Answer 38

in AFRICA

Question 39

what are 4 main market reforms?

Answer 39

-budget deficit inflation
-promote export
-reduce barriers trade
-devalue currency

Question 40

Whats the role of MNCs (Multinational Corporations) (big companies that operate in multiple countries, doing business and making profits on a global scale)

Answer 40

exploit the poor for profit