chap 2: population and health geog Flashcards
demography:
-Population size and composition
-Processes influencing population composition
-Links between populations larger human environments
when did population studies appear?
19th century
When was peak child
early 2000’s (20th century)
when did the popu hit
1 bill
1.6 bill
2.6 bill
6 bill
7 bill
1800 - 1 Bill. (1804)
– 1900 – 1.6 Bill.
– 1950 – 2.6 Bill
– Oct. 1999 – 6 Bill.
– Oct. 2011 - 7 Bill.
when did the pop boom?
between 1950- 2017
2 revolution
- agricultural
- industrial
most future growth will occur?
In the developing world
western diet = ? bill
indian/ asian = ? bill
1.5
15
growth is slowing.. but
form a high base number
population projection will arrive to ?
2050
Dependent on consistent TFR and CDR trends
pessimists
limits to growth theory: natural limits can be reached
optimists
cornucopian/ economic theory: technology will increase limits
which is more variable? total fertility rate or crude death rate
total fertility rate is more variable than crude death rate
explain population growth with 3 theories
-Malthusian Theory
-The demographic transition model the epidemiological transition
-Migration
Malthusian and Neo-
Malthusian Theory
limits to growth (1798)
population grows arithmetically
population> food supply
demographic transition: 4 stages
stage 1: pre-modern: birth/ death rate HIGH
stage 2: urbanizing and industrializing: high birth rate, declining death rate
stage 3: mature industrial: declining birth rate, low death rate
stage 4: post- industrial: low birth rate, low death rate
shift in prevalence of types of disease=
demographic transition
5 stages of epidemiological transition
- age of pestilence and famine
- age of receding (withdrawal) pandemics
- age of deggenerative disease
- age of delayed deggenerative disease
- death rate higher than birth rate so population declines
migration
Long-term relocation of an
individual or group
facilitated population increase
reasons why ppl migrate
-push pull logic
-moorings
factors affecting migration
age
marital status
gender
occupation
education
types of migration
primitive
forced and impelled
free migration
mass migration
illegal migration
Factors affecting population distribution
-physical: temperature, water, relief, soil quality
-cultural: continuity of ancient
3 areas of historic concentration
- South-central Asia: key rivers and coasts
- East asia: toward east coast and along rivers, disperses to west
- Europe: west and along
rivers, relatively more urban
growth of population where?
Africa, South Asia
declining growth where?
more developed regions
when was peak child? in the demographic transition
end of stage 2/ between stage 2 and 3
census data
information collected during a census, which is a systematic and comprehensive survey conducted to gather data about a particular population.
CBR
Total live births in a given period
for every 1,000 people already living
TFR
Average number of children a
woman will have, assuming she has children at the
prevailing age-specific rates as she passes through the
fecund years
replacement level
2.1 and 2.5 = fertility rate needed for a population to maintain its size over time= remain stable over time—neither increasing nor decreasing.
factors affecting fertility
-biological = Age, nutritional well-being, diet
-economic = Cost–benefit decision
/ Affected by economic structure and social needs
-cultural= Marriage age and rates, changing correlation to birth/ Contraceptive use/ Views on abortion
More developed countries
industrialization correlated to fertility rate
less industrial countries
fertility decline more correlated to education at woman and the equality between men and woman
education=
contraseptive
literacy goes up
fertility goes down
CDR
Total deaths in a given
period for every 1,000 people
infant mortality rate (IMR)
-Better indicator of social well-being
-the ratio of deaths of infants aged 1year or less per 1 000 live births
-shows the level of healthcare
-positive correlation with fertility
life expectancy
-Not a mortality measure; good indicator of well-being
-Anticipated average number of years lived
CBR and CDR can be 0?
CDR cant be 0
CBR can be 0
life expentancy are sensitive to factors of:
food availability
nutrition quality
sanitation quality
health care availability
disease
conflict
rate of natural increase=
CBR - CDR
in 2017, the wold RNI was?
-12 per 1000 yaane 1.2%
-is declining but still positive
World population is
increasing, but at a
_________ rate
decreasing
demographic/ population momentum
-the continued overall growth in a population due to the preponderance (grand nb) at young ppl
-Explains how a population may still grow even after the fertility rate has reached, or even fallen below, the replacement rate
- ex: Brazil
pyramid types:
-declining shape (bulge in the middle) = core countries= denmark
-stabilizing pattern (vertical sides)= semi-periphery= mexico
-rapid growth (triangular shape)= peripheral countries= gambia
when does seniors out number young ppl (15 ) in canada?
in 2016
canadas aging population’s concerns
-rising health care costs
-decreasing elderly support ratios (ESR): the nb of workers (15- 64) to each elderly person (> 65)
in 2019, ESR = 9
in 2050, ESR = 4
-increase in poverty for seniors
-decreased gov revenues
-increased taxation
-increased pension contributions for younger generations
-sandwich generation increased need for compassionate leave
canada’s response for population aging
- reduce taxes on younger ppl to keep them in canada
-allow/ force ppl to work longer, provide legal protection calling forcible retirement
-allowing the deferral of old age security and increase RRSP (Registered Retirement Savings Plan) - spend more money on illness prevention
- ensure financial viability of healthcare system
