chap 10: Geographies of Energy, Industry, and Services Flashcards
what are the factors related to industrial location? (7)
1. location of raw materials (industries choose specific location/ where they see raw material’s quantity, extraction costs, productivity and whether they have a limited shelf life)
2. availability of energy (Less important now because of the present of energy sources)
**3. location of market **
4. transportation change (ex: containerization : shipping method that involves packing goods into standardized containers, usually large metal boxes, for easy and efficient transportation. )
**5.availability of labour and capital **
6. internal and external economies (internal: vertical: making your own business in the industry/ and horizontal integration: company merges with other companies that are at the same stage of the production process/ external: locate close to other similar industries)
7. executive decision-making (strategic and educated choices)
what are the 3 competing theories of industrial location?
- Weber’s Least Cost Theory
- Market Area Analysis
- Behavioural Approaches
Weber’s Least-Cost Industrial Location
Theory?
-profit max and cost min
-raw mats everywhere
-transport costs are related thru distance and weight
In Weber’s Least Cost Industrial
Location Theory, firms have patterns of …. and ….. pls explain each term.
-Agglomeration: economic benefits of clustering= the economic benefits derived from the concentration of businesses,
-Deglomeration: economic benefits of dispersal: the idea of spreading out economic activities or businesses that were initially concentrated in one area
The market area analysis
-firms favour profit maximization over cost minimization
-locate at largest market
-spacial monopoly ( studying a particular area,where the biggest market is, and dominate that space by being the primary or exclusive player)
Behavioural Approaches?
-Consider actual behaviour, not normative assumptions. (People don’t always act as economic models predict—they have emotions, biases, and make decisions that might not seem perfectly rational)
-Satisficing (Good enough) behaviour, rather than maximizing and minimizing behaviour drive decisions= ppl dont aim for perfection; they just want something that works well.
-Focusses on individuals’ subjective views and non-rationale decisions about the market= people might make decisions that don’t seem logical from an outsider’s point of view.
how to explain uneven development? explain every theory pls
- Staples theory: : REGION producing only 1 type of thing
-Core- periphery concept: Economically active core gains resources, labour from periphery / Potentially mutually beneficial, but not a given
-Growth poles: Growth emerges at specific poles / Ideally, may develop from there
where does energy come from?
-the sun
-photosynthesis- biomass- fossils fuels (INDIRECTLY)
-solar energy, wind, hydrological cycle, heat energy (DIRECTLY)
-nuclear power
-tidal power
-geothermal power
what are three fossil fuels?
-coal: Supplanted wood as
the leading energy source.
-petrolium: Did not become
an important source of energy until the diffusion of motor vehicles
- natural gaz: Originally burned off as a waste product of petroleum drilling, but it is now
used to heat homes and to
produce electricity.
talk to me about animate power
historically, people relied primarily on animate power: power supplied by animals or by people themselves.
talk to me about biomass fuel!!
Because animate power was limited and taxing to humans, it was eventually supplemented by biomass fuel.
Talk to me about the demand for the world’s energy
divided about equally between developed and developing countries.
talk to me about the consumption of
fossil fuels
consumption of
fossil fuels has been
increasing at a much faster
rate in developing
countries.
developing
countries are expected to
demand ______ of the
world’s energy in 2040.
60%
Canada is ranked … in largest user of primary energy (commercially traded fuels)
6th
main source of Canada’s energy is …
fossil fuels
canada’s total energy consumption:
coal:
natural gaz:
oil:
nuclear:
hydroelectric power:
other renewables:
coal: 12%
natural gaz: 24%
oil: 31%
nuclear: 7%
hydroelectric power: 25%
other renewables: 1%
bef4 the industrial revolution, Citizens in every civilization engaged in activities like ?
bread-making, brick-making, tool-making and metalwork, pottery, and cloth manufacture
-Additionally, each household was an industrial organization that produced clothing, furniture, and shelter
when and what are the new industrial countries (NICs) that emerged ?
- 1970s (20 century)
- South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore
After the NICs emerged, what are the other countries that followed?
China, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines,
Vietnam, Brazil, Mexico, Turkey, South Africa, India
These rapid industrial transformations , they often used what?
export- processing zones
what are characteristics about the export- processing zones?
-Provide low-cost land, infrastructure, tax breaks to
firms
-weaker social and environmental controls
-some linked to high technology production
What are the two dimensions of globalization that have reshaped industrial location and industrial economies?
-industrial restructuring
-a decline in the friction of distance
-industrial restructuring
-a decline in the friction of distance BOTH show changes in?
-transportation and communications technology
-changes to the organization of labour and capital
-Reduction in labour costs
-Free movement of capital
whats FORDISM?
socially supported pattern of mass
production and mass consumption
when was assembly lines created?
1920
By the 1970s, various factors led to recession:
-Oil price rise, end of fixed exchange rates and the “Gold” standard
-Slowing consumer growth, rising labour costs
-Competition from Japan, NICs
Key technology changes help foster the socio economic changes known as (economic and social shift where businesses adopt more adaptable and efficient ways of producing goods and services, ) …
flexible accumulation
technology enabled global dispersal of industry by doing what? (3)
- Production technologies substituting capital for labour
- Transaction technologies and just-in-time inventory systems
- Circulation technologies (satellites/fibre optics) facilitating exchange of information
whats industrial restructuring?
New technology and spatial organisation favour a shift from manufacturing (secondary activities) to service employment (tertiary/quaternary/quinary activities).
established industrial regions experienced …. with a loss of …..
deindustrialization; loss of manufacturing and employment
what does reindustrialization mean?
The development of new industrial activity in an area that has experienced deindustrialisation
what are the characteristics of deindustrialising and reindustrialized areas?
-new small competitive firms
-high technology
-lifestyle and consumption related activities
-other services activities in reindustrialized areas.
which theory helps explain consumer services and
some government services?
Central place theory
We have consumer services and government services, some services become concentrated with …. and ….
new tech and agglomeration
labour and capital flexibility was increased by … in-house work to external firms.
outsourcing (hiring external firms)
what does offshoring mean?
the practice of a company moving some of its business processes or services to another country = outsourcing to other countries.
gains for firms are increasingly perceived as ?
- losses 4 jobs
- income stability within developed regions
service offshoring followed by ….
manufacturing offshoring
