Chapter 3: Trading - Secondary Market Flashcards
There are two types of positions that an investor can establish in a security: ______ and ______. The two positions reflect the investor’s opinion about the security’s future performance.
- Long
2. Short
Investors buy to establish a(n) ______ position, and are ______ when they own securities and have not sold them. Once the investor has sold the stock, the ______ position has been closed.
Long
An optimistic investor is called a(n) ______.
Bull
An investor with a(n) ______ stock position can theoretically lose the entire investment, but no more.
Long
A pessimistic investor is called a(n) ______. A(n) ______ does not buy the stock because he or she expects the stock price to fall.
Bear
A bull believes that the stock price will ______. A bullish market is in a(n) ______ trend.
- Rise
2. Upward
The ______ purchases the stock now to sell later at a higher price.
Bull
A(n) ______ will sell the stock when it is high, hoping to buy the stock later when it is low.
Bear
The bear has the same goal as a bull. Both hope to ______ higher than they ______. The difference is that the ______ sells first and buys second.
- Sell
- Buy
- Bear
The bear opens a(n) ______ position by selling, and later closes the ______ position by purchasing.
- Short
2. Open
A bear thinks the stock price will go ______.
Down
To establish a(n) ______ position, a bear first borrows the stock. The bear then ______ the borrowed stock. Someday the bear, or ______ seller, is obligated the replace the borrowed stock.
- Short
- Sells
- Short
The short seller will profit if the stock price goes ______. The bear buys the stock back (and returns the borrowed stock certificates) at a(n) ______ price.
- Down
2. Lower
An investor with a(n) ______ stock position has potentially unlimited risk. Someday, the ______ seller must buy shares of the stock that were borrowed and return them to the lender. There is theoretically no limit to how high the stock’s price can rise.
Short
In each trade that a broker/dealer executes, it is acting as either ______ or ______, but never ______.
- Broker
- Dealer
- Both
If the firm simply matches up a buyer and a seller, it is acting as ______. The firm is said to be acting in a(n) ______ capacity. For its service as a middleman, the firm charges a(n) ______. This involves no ______ to the broker/dealer.
- Broker
- Agent
- Commission
- Risk
When the firm acts as ______, it is using its inventory account, and is said to be acting in a(n) ______ capacity. When the firm sells from its inventory account, it charges a(n) ______. When the firm buys and places a security into its inventory, it charges a(n) ______. Using its inventory account always involves ______.
- Dealer
- Principal
- Markup
- Markdown
- Risk
The ______ (or ______) is the original record that documents the buy-or-sell transaction. Certain information is required on each, including:
- Name of security.
- Symbol
- Account number.
- Price.
- Quantity
- Whether the trade is solicited, unsolicited, or discretionary.
- Order Ticket
2. Trade Ticket
If the ticket is for a sell, the order ticket must be marked “______” or “______” to show whether the sell is closing a long position or opening a short position.
- Long
2. Short
If a broker/dealer and a client selling short fail to deliver on a demand for a shorted security, the broker/dealer, client, and clearing firm are ______ from transacting in that security until the securities that are sold short are delivered in ______.
- Restricted
2. Good Delivery Form
Short sales must abide by ______. Under ______, if the broker/dealer misses ______ consecutive settlement dates on a threshold security, the broker/dealer is required to perform a mandatory buy in.
- Regulation SHO
- Reg SHO
- 13
A(n) ______ is one with a large short position where the broker/dealer might be at risk of covering the short.
Threshold Security
Three time stamps are required on the trade ticket:
- When the order is ______.
- When the ticket hits the ______.
- When the order is ______.
This provides an audit trail for verification of ______ and to confirm that the broker/dealer did not ______ of the customer’s order.
- Received
- Trading Desk
- Executed
- Best Execution
- Trade Ahead
If there is a stock split or stock dividend, the ______ must be adjusted.
Trade Ticket or Order Ticket
Confirmations of trades must be sent to customers no later than the ______ or ______.
- Completion of the Transaction
2. Settlement of the Trade
______ occurs at the office of the buyer, and it is the point at which the money and the securities change hands.
Settlement
Required information on the customer trade confirmation includes:
- The broker/dealer ______ and ______, and for municipal securities only, also a(n) ______.
- Whether the trade was a(n) ______ or ______.
- Complete security ______.
- ______.
- ______ date and ______ date.
- Delivery and payment instructions.
- Capacity of the broker/dealer (______ or ______).
- Commission (if the firm acted as ______).
- Markup or markdown (if the firm acted as ______ in a NASDAQ or riskless trade).
- The broker/dealer NAME and ADDRESS, and for municipal securities only, also a(n) PHONE NUMBER.
- Whether the trade was a(n) PURCHASE or SALE.
- Complete security DESCRIPTION.
- QUANTITY.
- TRADE date and SETTLEMENT date.
- Delivery and payment instructions.
- Capacity of the broker/dealer (AGENT or PRINCIPAL).
- Commission (if the firm acted as AGENT).
- Markup or markdown (if the firm acted as PRINCIPAL in a NASDAQ or riskless trade).
When the firm is acting in a(n) ______ capacity, the ______ must also be disclosed on the confirmation, or the confirmation could include a statement that the ______ name will be provided upon request.
- Agency
- Contra Broker
- Contra Broker
Transaction-related information must be ______ to ______ for trades in corporate or agency debt securities. A member firm is required to ______ the amount of mark-up or mark-down it applies to trades with ______ in these securities if the member also executes an offsetting principal trade in the same security on the same trading day.
- Disclosed
- Retail Customers
- Disclose
- Retail Customers
When a municipal security is bought or sold, the broker/dealer or municipal securities dealer must also provide investors with a(n) ______ at or before the ______ of the transaction.
- Confirmation
2. Settlement
The confirmation for a municipal security transaction includes the following information:
- Name of ______.
- Name of ______ or ______ and the ______ in which it acted on behalf of the customer.
- Name of the ______.
- Whether the transaction is a(n) ______ or ______.
- ______ date and ______ date.
- ______.
- Total ______ of the transaction, accrued interest, principal amount, compensation, and other fees paid by the customer to the broker/dealer.
- ______ of the security (credit backing, features, status, tax information).
- ______ information.
- Name of CUSTOMER.
- Name of BROKER/DEALER or MUNICIPAL SECURITIES DEALER and the CAPACITY in which it acted on behalf of the customer.
- Name of the ISSUER.
- Whether the transaction is a(n) BUY or SELL.
- TRADE date and SETTLEMENT date.
- PRICE.
- Total DOLLAR AMOUNT of the transaction, accrued interest, principal amount, compensation, and other fees paid by the customer to the broker/dealer.
- DESCRIPTION of the security (credit backing, features, status, tax information).
- DELIVERY information.
If applicable, the municipal security transaction confirmation would also include:
- ______ rate.
- ______ value.
- ______ date.
- ______, unless sold at par.
- ______ number.
If there were a(n) ______, such as a control relationship, this would have to be disclosed on the confirmation.
- INTEREST rate.
- PAR value.
- MATURITY date.
- YIELD, unless sold at par.
- CUSIP number.
- Material Event
Member firms are required to send statements to customers at a minimum on a(n) ______ basis. Actively traded accounts must receive statements on a(n) ______ basis.
- Quarterly
2. Monthly
The account statements include a(n) ______ that provides the total account value at the end of the statement period, showing ______ and ______ as well as all ______ , meaning deposits, withdrawals, and purchases and sales of securities. ______ includes a list of individual securities, which may be summarized by asset class. Realized and unrealized gains are provided for each security.
- Account Statement
- Profits
- Losses
- Account Activity
- Portfolio Detail
When traders are asked at what price the shares of a company are trading in the market, two prices will be quoted: the ______ price (the price at which investors can sell shares) and the ______ (or “______”) price (the price at which investors can buy shares). The ______ is always lower than the ______, and the difference between them is the ______.
- Bid
- Offer / Ask
- Bid
- Offer / Ask
- Spread
The broker/dealer’s customer ______ at the bid and ______ at the ask.
- Sells
2. Buys
The ______ represents the highest price that a purchasing dealer is willing to pay for a security. The ______ is the lowest price that a selling dealer is willing to accept. The market for a security is always the highest ______ and the lowest ______. This is referred to as the ______, or the ______.
- Bid
- Ask / Offer
- Bid
- Ask
- Inside Market
- Spread
A(n) ______ spread between the bid and ask price indicates active trading in a security, whereas a(n) ______ spread would suggest sluggish or thin trading.
- Narrow
2. Wider
FINRA’s policy regarding commissions and markups/markdowns in the ______ is that they should always be fair and reasonable, generally not to exceed ______.
- Secondary Market
2. 5%
The ______ is a guideline (not a hard and fast rule) to determine whether a commission (acting as ______) or markup (acting as ______) is fair to the public.
- Five Percent Policy
- Agent
- Principal
FINRA’s Five Percent guideline applies to ______ (corporation) securities traded in the ______ secondary market, and securities listed on a(n) ______, such as the NYSE.
- Nonexempt
- OTC
- Exchange
The Five Percent Policy does NOT apply to ______ securities, such as Treasures & Municipals, nor to ______ offerings, for which FINRA has different rules.
- Exempt
2. Prospectus
The Five Percent Policy also applies to the ______, which is listed equities trading OTC.
Third Market
A(n) ______ is a physical location where broker/dealers execute investor orders to buy and sell securities.
Stock Exchange
The ______, formed in 1792, is the oldest and largest exchange market in the United States.
New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
The ______ operates seven liquid markets, providing investors with access to stocks, bonds, ETFs, and options. This includes four separate equities exchanges, each created to meet the needs of corporate and ETF issues, and offer greater choice to investors in how they trade. It is the most active of the world’s stock exchanges, trading more than ______ shares average daily volume.
- New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
2. 1 Billion
To be listed on the NYSE, companies must have at least ______ shares outstanding, market value of shares of at least ______, and aggregate pretax earnings over the last 3 years of ______.
- 1.1 million
- $140 million
- $10 million
To list a stock on the NYSE, an issuer may have not less than ______ in global market capitalization and ______ in revenues during the most recent ______.
- $500 million
- $100 million
- 12 Months
Additionally for NYSE listed stocks, the share price must be at least ______ at the time of listing. The majority Board of Directors must be ______ or ______.
- $4
- Independent
- Outside Directors
The NYSE exchange hours are ______ to ______.
- 9:30 AM
2. 4:00 PM
The NASDAQ opens as early as ______ and closes as late as ______.
- 8:00 AM
2. 6:30 PM
The trading of listed securities on an exchange is called the ______. It is a(n) ______.
- First Market
2. Auction Market
A(n) ______ is an individual who has a seat on the NYSE. Each firm that is an NYSE ______ must have an individual employee who owns a seat on the exchange.
- NYSE Member
2. Member Firm
Each NYSE listed security is assigned a(n) ______ where the security is bought and sold. Members who want to trade the security must do at this location. Only ______ are permitted to trade on the exchange.
- Trading Post
2. NYSE Members
NYSE members fall into one of the following 4 categories:
- The ______, or ______, executes orders for clients of the broker’s firm.
- The ______ executes orders for floor brokers when they are too busy to execute all of their form’s orders.
- ______ execute orders for their own accounts. They seldom work for clients, but if they have a client order, they must give it priority over their own orders.
- The ______ has the responsibility of maintaining a fair and orderly market. They must buy when no buyers exist and sell when no sellers exist and hold these orders in their own account.
- Commission House Broker
- Floor Broker
- Two Dollar Broker
- Registered Competitive Traders
- Designated Market Maker (DMM)
Two dollar brokers may execute orders for a number of ______. They charge each broker a(n) ______.
- Floor Brokers
2. Commission
A Designated Market Maker (DMM) may act as a(n) ______ for a floor broker.
Agent
The ______ is permitted to stop the stock for public orders. By stopping the stock, the trader guarantees an order fill at a specified price for a period of time.
Designated Market Maker (DMM)
Orders that are electronically sent directly to the exchange floor from a member firm’s office are known as ______. This system is called the NYSE ______. The trade goes directly into the ______’s book and back again electronically.
- Wire Orders
- Super Display Book (SDBK)
- Designated Market Maker (DMM)
______ act in a dual capacity. They can either trade in their own account as ______, designated to keep a fair and orderly market, or they can act in a(n) ______ capacity on behalf of other member firms.
- Designated Market Makers (DMMs)
- Principal
- Agency
As market makers, ______ are committed to making an orderly market and must ______ when sell orders are dominant and ______ when buy orders are dominant.
- Designated Market Makers (DMMs)
- Buy
- Sell
When DMMs buy for their own account, they must buy higher than the highest ______, and when they sell from their own account, they must sell lower than the lowest ______.
- Bid
2. Asked / Offered
DMMs must narrow the ______, bidding higher and offering lower than the ______, which is the highest bid and lowest offered.
- Spread
2. Inside Market
A(n) ______ is not expected to go into default by supporting a market in a security that is dropping so rapidly. They cannot be forced to make a market in a worthless security.
Designated Market Maker (DMM)
The size of the market is based on the ______, which is the highest bid and the lowest asked, where the ______ (dealer profit) is smallest or narrowest.
- Best Price
2. Spread
Financial reports on news networks have numbers scrolling along the bottom of the TV screen; those are ______. It provides the last trade information of securities that trade on the exchange.
Consolidated Tape
______: The unique character that is used to identify the company.
______: The volume of the trade being quoted expressed in round lots.
______: The price per share in a particular trade.
______: A symbol that indicates whether the price is higher or lower than the previous day’s closing price.
______: The difference in price from the previous day’s close.
- Symbol
- Shares Traded
- Price Traded
- Change Direction
- Change Amount
IBM – 5,000@ – 61.25 – Up/Down Arrow – 1.35
IBM = \_\_\_\_\_\_ 5,000@ = \_\_\_\_\_\_ 61.25 = \_\_\_\_\_\_ Up/Down Arrow = \_\_\_\_\_\_ 1.35 = \_\_\_\_\_\_
IBM = Ticker Symbol 5,000@ = Shares Traded 61.25 = Last Price Up/Down Arrow = Change In Direction 1.35 = Change Amount
In a(n) ______ trade, the public cannot see the number of shares traded, nor can they see the price per share.
Dark Pool of Liquidity
Most ______ select trades to show based on volume, trading activity, price change, and how widely a stock is held.
Consolidated Tapes
______ occurs when an investor buys a security on one exchange and simultaneously sells the same security on another exchange. This enables the investor to take advantage of small price deviations between the exchanges.
Market Arbitrage
______ is used in a merger and acquisition scenario. The ______ buys the stock of the company that is being acquired and sells short the tock of the purchasing company that is doing the acquisition.
- Risk Arbitrage
2. Risk Arbitrageur
An arbitrageur could purchase the ______ bond or preferred stock and if market conditions were favorable, convert to common stock and sell on the open market at a(n) ______. This would happen when the common stock was trading above ______.
- Convertible
- Profit
- Parity
Let’s say that a convertible bond was purchased at $1,100 and the conversion ratio was 40:1. If the stock was trading in the market at $27.60, how much would the investor make on the sale of each share?
$0.10
Parity = $1,100 / 40 = $27.50
$27.60 (CMV) - $27.50 = $0.10
Orders begin and are generated by the ______ department. The ______ department then processes the orders. The ______ department reviews all orders and finally the order goes to the ______.
- Order or Wire
- Purchase and Sales
- Margin Department
- Cashier Cage
“Other People’s Money Counts” –>
- Order department
- Purchase and sale
- Margin
- Cashier
Order Flow: “Other People’s Money Counts” –>
______, ______, ______, ______
- Order/Wire Department
- Purchase and Sale
- Margin
- Cashier
The ______ is managed by a Series 24 general securities principal or series 9/10 branch manager, and is concerned with customer accounts and orders.
Front Office
The front office represents the customer-facing division of a firm. For example, customer service, sales, and industry experts who provide advisory services are considered part of a firm’s front office operations. The functions of the front office generally generate the majority of revenue for a firm.
The ______, existing only with clearing firms and larger retail houses, consists of operations. The principal responsible for the activities is the Series 27, financial operations principal (Fin-op).
Back Office