Chapter 3: Theory & Practice Flashcards
Violence as a result of gender dynamics:
Gender-Based Violence
Perceived gender non-conformity or living up to some kind of gender standard in society is why this occurs:
Gender-Based Violence
- Heteronormativity
- Power dynamics
- Oppresson
Gender-Based Violence
Physical, sexual, and psychological:
Intimate Partner Violence
Global public health issue:
Intimate Partner Violence
What is the leading cause of death for pregnant women?
Violence
Violence from one person to another:
Unidirectional Violence
A cycle - both a man and a woman engage in acts of violence towards each other:
Bidirectional Violence
What type of violence occurs mainly in the US?
Bidirectional
Emphasizes control, power, competition, pain tolerance, and heterosexuality:
Hypermasculinity
Why is sexual violence common on college campuses (2)?
- Everyone is concentrated in one area
- Lots of substance use
Why are gay men victimized the most (2)?
- They are at the bottom of the masculinity pyramid
- Considered a threat to masculinity
Involves repeated, intrusive, intimated behaviors (and cyberstalking/textual harassment):
Stalking
Water is a ________ concept:
Gendered
Water, in the greater sense, is a ________ domain:
Masculine
Systems the public should handle are contracted out to private comapanies:
Privatization
1in _ Americans get their water from private systems:
6
- States that water and sanitation are human rights
- They don’t always have the power to enforce this at a global scale
The UN General Assembly in 2010
Water should be owned, managed, conserved, and supplied for the _____ interest:
Public
As of 2023, the death penalty is used in __ countries:
11
Being gay is criminalized in __ countries:
70
In 2022, ___ bills were introduced against LGBTQ+ people
344
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights:
The UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- Not signed in the US
- Reluctance to impose international law on an individual country level
- Hard to enforce because there’s no world police
UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
Recruitment, transportation, or harboring people by threat or use of force for exploitation:
Human Trafficking
Trafficking is mostly ______ or _____ labor:
Forced; bonded
Most trafficking cases happen due to _______; done by someone you ____:
Manipulation; know
Push and pull factors of trafficking (3):
- Poverty - Push
- Need for labor - Pull
- Promise of a better life - Pull
Wide range of things would “count”; some are more well-known like male circumcision:
Genital Cutting and Modification
- Removal of healthy tissue
- Vaginoplasty (repair/creating of a vaginal opening)
Intersex Surgeries
- No medical benefits; used to improve appearance
- Vaginal Rejuvenation
- Designer Vaginoplasty
- Unregulated
Female Genital Cosmetic Surgeries
- Can include symbolic nicking/piercing
- Partial/total removal of the clitoris
- Partial/total removal of the labia
- Sewing vaginal opening shut
Traditional Female Genital Cutting
- Can be for aesthetics
- Due to morals around sexuality/social acceptance
- No religious explanation
Reasons for Traditional FGC
- Ranges from severe pain to death
- Creates pain during intercourse and less satisfaction during sex
- Long-term medical effects
Consequences of Traditional FGC
Describe Wave #1 of Feminism (4):
- 1840 - 1920
- Citizenship
- Right to vote
- Property rights
Describe Wave #2 of Feminism (3):
- 1960 - 1988
- Equality
- Anti-discrimination legislation
Describe Wave #3 of Feminism (3):
- 1988 - Present
- More individual
- Critiqued popular culture
How are the feminist waves biased? (5)
- Emphasizes contributions of middle- and upper-class white women
- May have started earlier in the anti-slavery movement (Late 1600s)
- Moving beyond sex and gender
- Both white women and free Black women fought for women’s rights
- Saw some clashes in interest (Who gets to vote first? White women or Black men?)
Explain the labor movement (3):
- Early 1800s industrial revolution
- The economic unit shifted from family to the individual
- Women were active in the labor movement but were not always welcome
- Working in a mill represented a cool opportunity
- Women were required to go to church, follow curfew, and practice sexual abstinence on company grounds
The “Mill Girls” in MA
The political, economic, and social equality of men and women:
Feminism
Broadens the scope into the idea of ending sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression:
Feminism
Freedom from restraint (positive and negative liberty):
Liberal Feminist Theory
Represents what liberalization means today (reproductive rights):
Negative Liberty
Makes rights accessible - just because one has a right doesn’t mean it’s easy to exercise (voting):
Positive Liberty
Wave 1: Abolition, suffrage, education, etc
Wave 2: Fight for abortion rights, childcare
Liberal Feminist Theory
- Are women…better?
- Essentialism
Cult of true womanhood
- The oppression of women was first and led to others
- Nearly universal and causes the most damage
- More deeply rooted in psychology than other oppressions
Radical Feminist Theory
- Women weren’t subordinate in early societies
- Caused by the advent of private property and patrilineal inheritance
- Economics impact social and political change
Radical Feminist Theory
- The New Left
- The personal is political
- Biological Caste
Radical Feminist Theory
- Cost of reproduction (women take on most of the labor) is a reason why society builds around this; that disadvantages women from having freedom outside of reproduction
- Patriarchy drains women’s “life-loving” energy
Radical Feminist Theory
- White, upper- or middle-class women
- POC pushed back and said this doesn’t apply to me
- Systems of interlocking oppression
- This idea accounts for all intersection identities
Intersectional Feminism
- Forced into a country
- Forced assimilation
- Denial of citizenship and rights
- Channeled into law-paying/status jobs
Internal Colonialism
Even within feminism, some women are put above others and have the most power:
Hegemonic Feminism
- Belief that capitalism is the foot of all evils and oppression
- Women should organize with others in the working class
- Women’s oppression is derived from the capitalist structure
Classical Marxist Feminism
- Wider view toward oppression
- Racial equality, gender equality, etc are separate from capitalism
Socialist Feminism
Classless society, workers own means of production:
Communism
A transitional period, the government own some means of production (movement between capitalism and communism):
Socialism
Being aware of your lower class in a society (you see class in a way privileged people don’t):
Self-Objectification or Recognition of Class Consciousness
- Focuses on global issues (especially the global south)
- Extreme division of wealth in industrialized nations
- Missionary Framework
Transnational Feminist Theory
How do we understand the world?
Post-Structuralism
Transnationalists believe that ______ generate _____:
Words; thinking
What is Transnationalism critical of (4)?
- How we approach imperialism and militarism
- Transnational corporations
- International lending agencies
- Gov. and business elites in the global south
How colonialism impacts the world in a modern context and how it can be rebranded:
Postcolonial Feminism
The belief that there can be a firm foundation of knowledge with precise definition of things:
Modernism
- You cannot categorize ideas, things, or people
- Not fixed
- Rejects essentialism and emphasizes social construction
Postmodern Feminism/Queer Theory
Which type of feminism is feminist in practice but not in principle?
Postmodern Feminism/Queer Theory
List the different feminisms (6):
- Liberal Feminism
- Radical Feminism
- Intersectional Feminism
- Marxist Feminism
- Transnational Feminism
- Postmider Feminism/Queer Theory
