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Sex & Gender > Chapter 2: Issues and Intersections > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Issues and Intersections Flashcards

1
Q

Who claimed that homosexuality was a social construction?

A

Michael Foucault

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2
Q

Homosexuals weren’t labeled until late ______th-century ______:

A

19; Europe

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3
Q

When were heterosexual and homosexual terms coined?

A

The 1860s

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4
Q

Did the Greeks have a word for gay people/being gay?

A

No

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5
Q

Older males attracted to young males; sexual and involved educational guidance and military training

A

Pederasty

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6
Q
  1. Attracted to kids who began puberty
  2. An upper-class practice
  3. Expected to have a wife and kids by 30
A

Pederasty

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7
Q

Which country supports Foucault’s belief that same-sex desires, sexual activity, and relationships were socially constructed?

A

Ancient Greece

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8
Q

Suggests that schematizations must always be considered within their unique historical and cultural contexts:

A

Historicism

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9
Q

Which country valued proximity to men?

A

Ancient Greece

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10
Q

Poet who lived on the island of Lesbo:

A

Sappho

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11
Q

Sappho’s poems remain _____, not sure if they were about her/her liking women:

A

Uncertain

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12
Q

Did Ancient Rome have labels?

A

No

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13
Q

Always give the appearance of playing the insertive role in penetrative acts, not the receptive role with either female or male partners:

A

Prime Directive of Masculine Sexual Behavior

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14
Q

A free-born man would ideally only have sex with his wife or noncitizens (like slaves or prostitutes):

A

Rule of Masculine Self-Restraint

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15
Q

Where was having sex with a citizen considered shameful?

A

Ancient Rome

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16
Q

Which country didn’t have writings of female same-sex sexual activity?

A

Ancient Rome

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17
Q

The man who plays the insertive role is considered masculine; not truly gay:

A

Activo Sex Role

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18
Q

The man who is penetrated is considered effeminate and viewed as a woman:

A

Pasivo Sex Role

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19
Q

A model based on the gender enactment, rather than sex, of individuals:

A

Gender-Based Model of Sexual Identity

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20
Q

Where homosexuality, bisexuality, and heterosexuality are determined based on the sex of the person who is attracted to another and the sex of the person one is attracted to:

A

Object Choice Model of Sexual Identity

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21
Q

Marriage was an ______ institution: protected ___ and blood lineage

A

Economic; Property

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22
Q

Women’s close and sometimes sexual relationships (preserved chastity of women with regard to men):

A

Chaste Femme Love

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23
Q

An attitude in which attention revolves around the phallus or penis:

A

Phallocentrism

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24
Q

Erotic desire and emotional investments became necessary for marriage:

A

Domestic Heterosexuality

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25
Q

Chaste femme love began to be seen as unchaste and a threat to marital bonding:

A

Perversion of Lesbian Desire

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26
Q

Recurring moments in history when certain definitional elements crop up as particularly meaningful to understandings of eroticism. Different aspects of female same-sex relationships become more prominent in specific historical pieces:

A

Cycles of Salience

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27
Q

3 Recurrent themes regarding what we think of as “Modern Lesbianism”:

A
  1. Impossibility
  2. Insignificance
  3. Invisibility
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28
Q

Capitalism replaced a primarily ____ economic system:

A

Rural

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29
Q

A modern western conception of a person who engages in same-sexual activity as being a homosexual:

A

Personification of Homosexuality

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30
Q
  1. Widespread recognition of themselves as a distinct group
  2. Formed a community with its own cultural norms and practices
  3. Reverse discourse of the term homosexuality
A

Gay Identity as a Movement

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31
Q

Shared inherited biological features (how they look) or cultural predispositions (how they act):

A

What people usually mean when defining race

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32
Q

Cultural elements that set groups apart (some consider it distinct from race but may overlap):

A

Ethnicity

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33
Q

How things are designed to benefit or disenfranchise others:

A

Systemic Oppression

34
Q

Being prejudiced, using slurs, being discriminatory:

A

Active Racism

35
Q

Not as obvious but still happening implicitly:

A

Passive Racism

36
Q

The question asking are there distinct racial differences?

A

Essentialism

37
Q

Make assumptions based on objective features that those people have shared characteristics that make them distinct from other groups:

A

Phenotypical Differences (Essentialism)

38
Q

Combination of education, income, and occupation:

A

SES (Socioeconomic Status)

39
Q
  1. Money makes money
  2. Net worth is based on assets
  3. Savings and investment accounts
  4. Debt ratios
A

Generational Wealth Factors

40
Q
  1. Some argue that stereotypes are formed if something is meant to be different
  2. Proved that it’s made such a big deal, that’s why it’s seen as important.
A

Novel Groups Paradigm (T-shirt Study)

41
Q

A theory that explains how children form stereotypes and prejudices about social groups:

A

Developmental Intergroup Theory (DIT)

42
Q

DIT Steps (3):

A
  1. Describe differences
  2. What is seen are categorized based on those differences
  3. Stereotypes are developed based on those groups
43
Q

Explains how we can have mixed attitudes towards groups:

A

Stereotype Content Model

44
Q

Different categories: #1 = Competence, #2 = Emotional Warmth:

A

Stereotype Content Model

45
Q

The “Model” Minority:

A

Asian Americans

46
Q
  1. Accomplish the American Dream (hardworking, prosperous, academically superior)
  2. They seem to have “made it”
  3. This is an overgeneralization
A

Asian Americans

47
Q

Barriers for Asian Americans to get into certain positions:

A

Bamboo Ceiling

48
Q

“Lotus Blossoms” vs. “Dragon Ladies”:

A

Being submissive, demure, and lowkey vs. aggressive and strong (Discrimination against Asian Americans)

49
Q

Intended to honor their strength/resilience but has negative consequences by minimizing their pain and expectations:

A

The “Strong Black Woman” Stereotype

50
Q
  1. Seen as asexual mammies (caretaker, grandma - not sexualized) or over-sexualized jezebels
  2. Has evolved into the Welfare queen (single mom on welfare), the matriarch (older strong religious granny), or the angry woman
A

Representation of Black Women

51
Q
  1. Historically, portrayed as docile and ignorant but shifted into being seen as dangerous
  2. Portrayed as cool or athletic
A

Representation of Black Men

52
Q

_________ (head of household, player) vs. _______ (more honorable version of machismo, nurturing):

A

Machismo; Caballerismo

53
Q

Women who don’t subscribe to _______, take care of their own destinies:

A

Marianismo/La Mujer Beuna

54
Q

Princess vs. Squaw:

A

Indigenous Women Negative Stereotypes

55
Q
  1. Noble savages
  2. Brutal warriors
  3. New age mystics
  4. “Drunken’” Indian
  5. Rich Indian
A

Indigenous Men Negative Stereotypes

56
Q
  1. White people don’t think about their race because they are considered the norm
  2. Skin is an asset vs. liability
  3. Your choices do not speak to your race
A

White Privilege

57
Q

A lifestyle that encourages healthy eating and enjoyable physical activity as a way to feel better and live longer:

A

Health at Every Size (HEAS)

58
Q
  1. Recognizes the issues with fatphobia or anti-fatness in healthcare
  2. People deserve access to good healthcare regardless of their size
A

Health at Every Size Movement

59
Q

Obesity epidemic, failed diets, and inaccurate BMI support the ________ of _______:

A

Medicalization of Fatness

60
Q

Voluptuous figures (corsets), Thinness, and Athleticism:

A

Ideal Body Types in the Late 1890s

61
Q

Flapper aesthetic, Loose style, toned-down curves, Freedom:

A

Ideal Body Types in the Early 1900s

62
Q

Great depression, Maturity (pick yourself up by your bootstraps and survive), Grown woman:

A

Ideal Body Types in the 1930s

63
Q

More glamour, Still mature, Marilyn Monroe:

A

Ideal Body Types in the 40s and 50s

64
Q

Major comeback for the thin ideal, Standards expanded racially (not just white women as sex symbols), Colorism - light skin tone was more attractive:

A

Ideal Body Types in the 60s and 70s

65
Q

Pivot back to hourglass, Focus on fitness, Jane Fonda:

A

Ideal Body Types in the 1980s

66
Q

Heroine chic, Very thin, Kate Moss (“Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels”):

A

Ideal Body Types in the 1990s

67
Q

Suggests that media, family, and peers transmit messages about ideals:

A

Sociocultural Theory of Body Image

68
Q
  1. Exposure leads to comparison and internalization
  2. Leads to body dissatisfaction
  3. Leads to drive for thinness, restricted eating, lowered psychological dysfunction, depressive symptoms
A

Sociocultural Theory of Body Image

69
Q
  1. Great masculine renunciation - no more fancy clothes / dress-up
  2. Modern masculinity
  3. Class was less important than sex, men would distinguish themselves from women
  4. Inconspicuous consumption → masculine (or more lowkey)
A

Men’s Fashion and Aesthetics in the 1600s-1800s

70
Q
  1. Muscular Ideal
  2. Athleticism
  3. Needed to be separate from women
A

Men’s Fashion and Aesthetics in the 1890s

71
Q
  1. Tall
  2. Broad-shouldered
  3. Suits in a more casual way (3-piece)
A

Men’s Fashion and Aesthetics in 1907-1950s

72
Q
  1. Peacock Revolution
  2. Bright colors, bold colors, prints, and silk suits (more exciting attire)
  3. Rugged masculinity (another subculture)
A

Men’s Fashion and Aesthetics in the 1960s and 70s

73
Q
  1. Hyper muscular ideal
  2. Retributive Man = masculinity linked to violence and finding yourself through violence
A

Men’s Fashion and Aesthetics in the 1980s

74
Q
  1. Metrosexual = guys who engage in more feminine routines (beauty or how they dress)
  2. Beauty rituals and fashion
  3. Slim ideal
A

Men’s Fashion and Aesthetics in the 1990s and 2000s

75
Q

A theory that explains how women and girls are often treated as sexual objects and how this can lead to mental health issues:

A

Objectification Theory

76
Q

Reduced to value of a sexual partner or what you look like; Internalization of the outside gaze:

A

Self-Objectification

77
Q
  1. Pay gap between mothers vs. non-mothers
  2. Women with kids are viewed as less competent, committed, promotable
A

The Motherhood Penalty

78
Q
  1. Family man
  2. Rewarded for entering family life because it’s viewed as a positive thing
A

Marriage and Fatherhood Premium

79
Q

When women/POC start to overpopulate a field, it gets a lower status:

A

Occupational Feminization

80
Q
  1. Not as many literal barriers, but some people get to be on an escalator up to the top but not others
  2. Refers to the privileges people have to ascend to the top
A

The Glass Escalator

81
Q

A systemic form of racism that results in communities of color being disproportionately exposed to environmental harms:

A

Environmental Racism

82
Q

A political approach that favors free-market capitalism, deregulation, and reduction in government spending:

A

Neoliberalism

Sex & Gender (3 decks)

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