Chapter 2: Issues and Intersections

Question 1

Who claimed that homosexuality was a social construction?

Answer 1

Michael Foucault

Question 2

Homosexuals weren’t labeled until late ______th-century ______:

Answer 2

19; Europe

Question 3

When were heterosexual and homosexual terms coined?

Answer 3

The 1860s

Question 4

Did the Greeks have a word for gay people/being gay?

Answer 4

No

Question 5

Older males attracted to young males; sexual and involved educational guidance and military training

Answer 5

Pederasty

Question 6

1. Attracted to kids who began puberty
2. An upper-class practice
3. Expected to have a wife and kids by 30

Answer 6

Pederasty

Question 7

Which country supports Foucault’s belief that same-sex desires, sexual activity, and relationships were socially constructed?

Answer 7

Ancient Greece

Question 8

Suggests that schematizations must always be considered within their unique historical and cultural contexts:

Answer 8

Historicism

Question 9

Which country valued proximity to men?

Answer 9

Ancient Greece

Question 10

Poet who lived on the island of Lesbo:

Answer 10

Sappho

Question 11

Sappho’s poems remain _____, not sure if they were about her/her liking women:

Answer 11

Uncertain

Question 12

Did Ancient Rome have labels?

Answer 12

No

Question 13

Always give the appearance of playing the insertive role in penetrative acts, not the receptive role with either female or male partners:

Answer 13

Prime Directive of Masculine Sexual Behavior

Question 14

A free-born man would ideally only have sex with his wife or noncitizens (like slaves or prostitutes):

Answer 14

Rule of Masculine Self-Restraint

Question 15

Where was having sex with a citizen considered shameful?

Answer 15

Ancient Rome

Question 16

Which country didn’t have writings of female same-sex sexual activity?

Answer 16

Ancient Rome

Question 17

The man who plays the insertive role is considered masculine; not truly gay:

Answer 17

Activo Sex Role

Question 18

The man who is penetrated is considered effeminate and viewed as a woman:

Answer 18

Pasivo Sex Role

Question 19

A model based on the gender enactment, rather than sex, of individuals:

Answer 19

Gender-Based Model of Sexual Identity

Question 20

Where homosexuality, bisexuality, and heterosexuality are determined based on the sex of the person who is attracted to another and the sex of the person one is attracted to:

Answer 20

Object Choice Model of Sexual Identity

Question 21

Marriage was an ______ institution: protected ___ and blood lineage

Answer 21

Economic; Property

Question 22

Women’s close and sometimes sexual relationships (preserved chastity of women with regard to men):

Answer 22

Chaste Femme Love

Question 23

An attitude in which attention revolves around the phallus or penis:

Answer 23

Phallocentrism

Question 24

Erotic desire and emotional investments became necessary for marriage:

Answer 24

Domestic Heterosexuality

Question 25

Chaste femme love began to be seen as unchaste and a threat to marital bonding:

Answer 25

Perversion of Lesbian Desire

Question 26

Recurring moments in history when certain definitional elements crop up as particularly meaningful to understandings of eroticism. Different aspects of female same-sex relationships become more prominent in specific historical pieces:

Answer 26

Cycles of Salience

Question 27

3 Recurrent themes regarding what we think of as "Modern Lesbianism":

Answer 27

1. Impossibility 2. Insignificance 3. Invisibility

Question 28

Capitalism replaced a primarily ____ economic system:

Answer 28

Rural

Question 29

A modern western conception of a person who engages in same-sexual activity as being a homosexual:

Answer 29

Personification of Homosexuality

Question 30

1. Widespread recognition of themselves as a distinct group 2. Formed a community with its own cultural norms and practices 3. Reverse discourse of the term homosexuality

Answer 30

Gay Identity as a Movement

Question 31

Shared inherited biological features (how they look) or cultural predispositions (how they act):

Answer 31

What people usually mean when defining race

Question 32

Cultural elements that set groups apart (some consider it distinct from race but may overlap):

Answer 32

Ethnicity

Question 33

How things are designed to benefit or disenfranchise others:

Answer 33

Systemic Oppression

Question 34

Being prejudiced, using slurs, being discriminatory:

Answer 34

Active Racism

Question 35

Not as obvious but still happening implicitly:

Answer 35

Passive Racism

Question 36

The question asking are there distinct racial differences?

Answer 36

Essentialism

Question 37

Make assumptions based on objective features that those people have shared characteristics that make them distinct from other groups:

Answer 37

Phenotypical Differences (Essentialism)

Question 38

Combination of education, income, and occupation:

Answer 38

SES (Socioeconomic Status)

Question 39

1. Money makes money 2. Net worth is based on assets 3. Savings and investment accounts 4. Debt ratios

Answer 39

Generational Wealth Factors

Question 40

1. Some argue that stereotypes are formed if something is meant to be different 2. Proved that it’s made such a big deal, that’s why it’s seen as important.

Answer 40

Novel Groups Paradigm (T-shirt Study)

Question 41

A theory that explains how children form stereotypes and prejudices about social groups:

Answer 41

Developmental Intergroup Theory (DIT)

Question 42

DIT Steps (3):

Answer 42

1. Describe differences 2. What is seen are categorized based on those differences 3. Stereotypes are developed based on those groups

Question 43

Explains how we can have mixed attitudes towards groups:

Answer 43

Stereotype Content Model

Question 44

Different categories: #1 = Competence, #2 = Emotional Warmth:

Answer 44

Stereotype Content Model

Question 45

The "Model" Minority:

Answer 45

Asian Americans

Question 46

1. Accomplish the American Dream (hardworking, prosperous, academically superior) 2. They seem to have “made it” 3. This is an overgeneralization

Answer 46

Asian Americans

Question 47

Barriers for Asian Americans to get into certain positions:

Answer 47

Bamboo Ceiling

Question 48

"Lotus Blossoms" vs. "Dragon Ladies":

Answer 48

Being submissive, demure, and lowkey vs. aggressive and strong (Discrimination against Asian Americans)

Question 49

Intended to honor their strength/resilience but has negative consequences by minimizing their pain and expectations:

Answer 49

The "Strong Black Woman" Stereotype

Question 50

1. Seen as asexual mammies (caretaker, grandma - not sexualized) or over-sexualized jezebels 2. Has evolved into the Welfare queen (single mom on welfare), the matriarch (older strong religious granny), or the angry woman

Answer 50

Representation of Black Women

Question 51

1. Historically, portrayed as docile and ignorant but shifted into being seen as dangerous 2. Portrayed as cool or athletic

Answer 51

Representation of Black Men

Question 52

_________ (head of household, player) vs. _______ (more honorable version of machismo, nurturing):

Answer 52

Machismo; Caballerismo

Question 53

Women who don’t subscribe to _______, take care of their own destinies:

Answer 53

Marianismo/La Mujer Beuna

Question 54

Princess vs. Squaw:

Answer 54

Indigenous Women Negative Stereotypes

Question 55

1. Noble savages 2. Brutal warriors 3. New age mystics 4. “Drunken’” Indian 5. Rich Indian

Answer 55

Indigenous Men Negative Stereotypes

Question 56

1. White people don’t think about their race because they are considered the norm 2. Skin is an asset vs. liability 3. Your choices do not speak to your race

Answer 56

White Privilege

Question 57

A lifestyle that encourages healthy eating and enjoyable physical activity as a way to feel better and live longer:

Answer 57

Health at Every Size (HEAS)

Question 58

1. Recognizes the issues with fatphobia or anti-fatness in healthcare 2. People deserve access to good healthcare regardless of their size

Answer 58

Health at Every Size Movement

Question 59

Obesity epidemic, failed diets, and inaccurate BMI support the ________ of _______:

Answer 59

Medicalization of Fatness

Question 60

Voluptuous figures (corsets), Thinness, and Athleticism:

Answer 60

Ideal Body Types in the Late 1890s

Question 61

Flapper aesthetic, Loose style, toned-down curves, Freedom:

Answer 61

Ideal Body Types in the Early 1900s

Question 62

Great depression, Maturity (pick yourself up by your bootstraps and survive), Grown woman:

Answer 62

Ideal Body Types in the 1930s

Question 63

More glamour, Still mature, Marilyn Monroe:

Answer 63

Ideal Body Types in the 40s and 50s

Question 64

Major comeback for the thin ideal, Standards expanded racially (not just white women as sex symbols), Colorism - light skin tone was more attractive:

Answer 64

Ideal Body Types in the 60s and 70s

Question 65

Pivot back to hourglass, Focus on fitness, Jane Fonda:

Answer 65

Ideal Body Types in the 1980s

Question 66

Heroine chic, Very thin, Kate Moss (“Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels”):

Answer 66

Ideal Body Types in the 1990s

Question 67

Suggests that media, family, and peers transmit messages about ideals:

Answer 67

Sociocultural Theory of Body Image

Question 68

1. Exposure leads to comparison and internalization 2. Leads to body dissatisfaction 3. Leads to drive for thinness, restricted eating, lowered psychological dysfunction, depressive symptoms

Answer 68

Sociocultural Theory of Body Image

Question 69

1. Great masculine renunciation - no more fancy clothes / dress-up 2. Modern masculinity 3. Class was less important than sex, men would distinguish themselves from women 4. Inconspicuous consumption → masculine (or more lowkey)

Answer 69

Men's Fashion and Aesthetics in the 1600s-1800s

Question 70

1. Muscular Ideal 2. Athleticism 3. Needed to be separate from women

Answer 70

Men's Fashion and Aesthetics in the 1890s

Question 71

1. Tall 2. Broad-shouldered 3. Suits in a more casual way (3-piece)

Answer 71

Men's Fashion and Aesthetics in 1907-1950s

Question 72

1. Peacock Revolution 2. Bright colors, bold colors, prints, and silk suits (more exciting attire) 3. Rugged masculinity (another subculture)

Answer 72

Men's Fashion and Aesthetics in the 1960s and 70s

Question 73

1. Hyper muscular ideal 2. Retributive Man = masculinity linked to violence and finding yourself through violence

Answer 73

Men's Fashion and Aesthetics in the 1980s

Question 74

1. Metrosexual = guys who engage in more feminine routines (beauty or how they dress) 2. Beauty rituals and fashion 3. Slim ideal

Answer 74

Men's Fashion and Aesthetics in the 1990s and 2000s

Question 75

A theory that explains how women and girls are often treated as sexual objects and how this can lead to mental health issues:

Answer 75

Objectification Theory

Question 76

Reduced to value of a sexual partner or what you look like; Internalization of the outside gaze:

Answer 76

Self-Objectification

Question 77

1. Pay gap between mothers vs. non-mothers 2. Women with kids are viewed as less competent, committed, promotable

Answer 77

The Motherhood Penalty

Question 78

1. Family man 2. Rewarded for entering family life because it’s viewed as a positive thing

Answer 78

Marriage and Fatherhood Premium

Question 79

When women/POC start to overpopulate a field, it gets a lower status:

Answer 79

Occupational Feminization

Question 80

1. Not as many literal barriers, but some people get to be on an escalator up to the top but not others 2. Refers to the privileges people have to ascend to the top

Answer 80

The Glass Escalator

Question 81

A systemic form of racism that results in communities of color being disproportionately exposed to environmental harms:

Answer 81

Environmental Racism

Question 82

A political approach that favors free-market capitalism, deregulation, and reduction in government spending:

Answer 82

Neoliberalism