Chapter 1: Gender & Society

Question 1

The biological differences between males and females:

Answer 1

Sex

Question 2

Roles, behaviors, and identities that society assigns to people based on their sex:

Answer 2

Gender

Question 3

Suggests that there is no clear-cut male or female brain, but rather a mixture of characteristics, challenging binary gender stereotypes in neuroscience:

Answer 3

Human Brain Mosaic Theory

Question 4

Individuals born with biological sex characteristics that do not fit typical definitions of male or female:

Answer 4

Intersex

Question 5

Society and culture shape what it means to be male or female, emphasizing the influence of social expectations rather than biological determinism:

Answer 5

Social Construction of Sex and Gender

Question 6

The idea that society forces men and women into rigidly opposite roles and behaviors:

Answer 6

Gender Polarization

Question 7

What is the Generic “He” and its implications?

Answer 7

The Generic “He” refers to using “he” as a default pronoun for all people, which elides females and reinforces sex-type thinking. It encourages the perception of men as the default and can obscure the presence and contributions of women.

Question 8

The notion that men are considered the primary or original gender, based on narratives such as Adam being created before Eve, reinforcing the idea of men as the default:

Answer 8

Male Primacy

Question 9

Who tagged the term of women being “marked”?

Answer 9

Simone de Beauvoir

Question 10

What does Simone de Beauvoir mean by women being “marked”?

Answer 10

Simone de Beauvoir argued that women are marked as an extension of men, meaning their identity is defined in relation to men rather than as an independent category.

Question 11

The evolution of word meanings over time:

Answer 11

Semantic Change

Question 12

The process of reclaiming and repurposing a stigmatized word to neutralize or overturn its negative connotations:

Answer 12

Reverse Discourse

Question 13

Focuses on how the context in which a word or message is received affects its interpretation and impact:

Answer 13

Reception Theory

Question 14

The idea that language and actions are interdependent, with certain words and behaviors reinforcing or constituting social identities:

Answer 14

Performativity

Question 15

Characteristics involved in reproduction:

Answer 15

Primary Sex Characteristics

Question 16

Not directly related to reproduction but indicate certain sex:

Answer 16

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Question 17

Refers to the way multiple identities (e.g., race, gender, class) intersect and interact, influencing an individual’s experiences and perspectives in the world:

Answer 17

Intersectionality

Question 18

What does it mean that children are gender schematic?

Answer 18

Children categorize people and behaviors into gender-specific roles and attributes. This categorical thinking helps them navigate social expectations but may limit cognitive flexibility.

Question 19

The culturally dominant form of masculinity that establishes a hierarchy where some men are seen as more masculine and dominant than others:

Answer 19

Hegemonic Masculinity

Question 20

The culturally idealized form of femininity:

Answer 20

Hegemonic Feminity

Question 21

The benefits or rewards women may receive for conforming to these ideals within a masculine-dominated system:

Answer 21

The Feminity Premium

Question 22

When women navigate and sometimes leverage the existing patriarchal system to gain personal or professional advantages, even if it means conforming to traditional gender roles:

Answer 22

The Patriarchal Bargain

Question 23

Involves positive yet patronizing attitudes towards women:

Answer 23

Benevolent Sexism

Question 24

Encompasses overt hostility and devaluation of women, reinforcing gender polarization:

Answer 24

Hostile Sexism

Question 25

How is homophobia related to misogyny?

Answer 25

Homophobia can be linked to misogyny because both involve devaluation of femininity; for instance, gay men may be targeted due to stereotypes associating them with feminine traits.

Question 26

A social system in which men hold primary power and authority, historically seen in legal and societal structures:

Answer 26

Patriarchy

Question 27

A concept describing the idealized, dominant societal prototype (e.g., white, middle-class, heterosexual, Christian man) against which all others are measured:

Answer 27

The Mythical Norm

Question 28

Who came up with the mythical norm?

Answer 28

Audre Lorde

Question 29

A 1949 book by the French existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir, in which the author discusses the treatment of women in the present society as well as throughout all of history:

Answer 29

The Second Sex

Question 30

An American academic whose theories of the performative nature of gender and sex have been influential within Francocentric philosophy, cultural theory, queer theory, and some schools of philosophical feminism from the late 20th century:

Answer 30

Judith Butler

Question 31

A set of repeated acts that force people to take on certain behaviors, conditioning them to be within an acceptable range of variation:

Answer 31

Rigid Regulatory Frame

Question 32

Who came up with the Rigid Regulatory Frame?

Answer 32

Judith Butler

Question 33

A social and economic penalty for behaving in a way that goes against stereotypes:

Answer 33

Backlash Effect

Question 34

A situation in which a person is confronted with two irreconcilable demands or a choice between two undesirable courses of action:

Answer 34

Double Bind

Question 35

A rule or principle which is unfairly applied in different ways to different people or groups:

Answer 35

Double Standards

Question 36

All women are expected to perform one special class of work for men:

Answer 36

Service Work

Question 37

Looks at behavior based on interviews and scores on certain metrics (7-point scale):

Answer 37

The Kinsey Scale (1948)

Question 38

Addressed any shortcomings of the Kinsey scale; what you’re doing doesn’t always represent what’s inside (7 dimensions rated on the past, present, and ideal):

Answer 38

The Klein Grid

Question 39

4 different categories (homosexuals, bisexuals, heterosexuals, and asexuals):

Answer 39

The Storms Scale

Question 40

Negative attitudes towards anyone who isn’t straight:

Answer 40

Heterosexism

Question 41

The idea that society pressures people to conform to heterosexual norms, regardless of their sexual orientation:

Answer 41

Compulsive Heterosexuality

Question 42

The idea that heterosexuality is the standard sexual orientation and that people should conform to traditional gender roles and relationships:

Answer 42

Heteronormativity

Question 43

Heterocentrism + compulsory heterosexuality =

Answer 43

Heteronormativity

Question 44

Negative attitudes toward behaviors and policies that benefit LGBTQ people, rather than a negative attitude toward homosexuality itself:

Answer 44

Homonegativity

Question 45

A form of social stigma that devalues and discredits people who are perceived as non-heterosexual:

Answer 45

Sexual Stigma

Question 46

Herek’s 3 Sexual Stigmas:

Answer 46

1. Internalized Homophobia
2. Homophobia
3. Institutional Homophobia

Question 47

3 Types of Homophobia:

Answer 47

1. Defensive-Expressive
2. Social-Expressive
3. Value-Expressive

Question 48

Comes from a place of anxiety over masculinity:

Answer 48

Defensive-Expressive Homophobia

Question 49

Used to gain social approval:

Answer 49

Social-Expressive Homophobia

Question 50

Religious, societal, or personal values one follows:

Answer 50

Value-Expressive Homophobia

Question 50

Seemingly innocent things said that communicate stereotypes or exclude someone:

Answer 50

Microaggressions

Question 51

List the 7 parts of the Klein Grid:

Answer 51

1. Sexual Attraction
2. Sexual Behavior
3. Sexual Fantasies
4. Emotional Preference
5. Social Preference
6. Heterosexual/Homosexual Lifestyle
7. Self-Identification