Chapter 3 - the three claims and four validities Flashcards
What is the manipulated variable?
Independent variable
Controlled by the researcher
What is the dependent variable?
Dependent variable
Cannot be controlled by the researcher
What is operationalise a variable?
Make them measurable
What are the 3 types of claims in surveys?
Frequency claims
Association claims
Causality claims
Frequency claim
Says something about the amount of occurrence
Association claim
Says something about a connection
Causality claim
Does say something about cause and effect
What are the requirements for a causality claim?
Correlation
One way traffic = temporal precedence
No alternative explanation
Validity
Refers to realism/accuracy of the research
The research indeed investigates what it claims or aims to
What are the four research validities?
Construct validity
External validity
Statistical validity
Internal validity
Construct validity
To what extent is the variable operationalised?
External validity
To what extent is research extendable to a larger whole/broader population
How representative is it?
Statistical validity
How strong are the results that were found?
What is the probability that these results woud be found by chance?
What is the probability that the type 1 and type 2 errors are made?
Internal validity
Did the variables measured/manipulated in this study cause the results?
What are the relevant validities for the frequency claim?
Construct validity
External validity
Statistical validity
What are the relevant validities for the association claim?
Construct validity
External validity
Statistical validity
What are the relevant validities for the causal claim?
Internal validity is most important, but so are the other three
False positive (Type 1 error)
From the results, there does appear to be an association between tow variables when in fact there is not
False negative (Type 2 error)
From the results it does not seem to be an association, but in reality it is
What are the 3 requirements for establishing causality?
Covariance
Temporal precedence
Internal validity
