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Marine Inverts > Chapter 3- The Protists > Flashcards

Chapter 3- The Protists Flashcards

Terms and Definitions

1
Q

The process by which unrelated organisms develop similar traits or adaptations due to similar environmental pressures.

A

Convergent evolution

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2
Q

Multicellular animals that develop from a blastula; includes all higher animals.

A

Metazoan

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3
Q

The cell membrane surrounding a cell, regulating the entry and exit of substances.

A

Plasmalemma

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4
Q

The gel-like outer layer of the cytoplasm in some protozoans, often involved in locomotion.

A

Ectoplasm

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5
Q

The fluid inner part of the cytoplasm, found in amoeboid organisms.

A

Endoplasm

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6
Q

Organelles in certain protozoans that expel excess water from the cytoplasm.

A

Contractile vacuoles

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7
Q

A network of tubules and vesicles involved in the formation of the contractile vacuole.

A

Spongiome

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8
Q

The difference in solute concentration across a semipermeable membrane, driving the movement of water.

A

Osmotic gradient

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9
Q

The process of controlling the internal fluid volume of a cell.

A

Volume regulation

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10
Q

The maintenance of proper solute concentrations within a cell.

A

Osmotic regulation

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11
Q

Organelles in some protozoans that can discharge filaments for defense or attachment.

A

Trichocysts

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12
Q

Specialized organelles that inject toxins into prey.

A

Toxicysts

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13
Q

Organelles in protozoans capable of expelling substances, such as trichocysts and toxicysts.

A

Extrusomes

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14
Q

Temporary extensions of a cell’s cytoplasm used for locomotion and feeding in amoeboid organisms.

A

Pseudopodia

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15
Q

Structure at the base of a cilium or flagellum that anchors it and organizes its microtubules.

A

Basal body (kinetosome)

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16
Q

Cylindrical structures made of tubulin that provide structure and support to cells, involved in cell movement.

A

Microtubules

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17
Q

A protein that is the building block of microtubules.

A

Tubulin

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18
Q

Protein structures that produce movement in cilia and flagella by sliding adjacent microtubules against each other.

A

Dynein arms

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19
Q

A motor protein that drives the movement of dynein arms in cilia and flagella.

A

Dynein

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20
Q

A structure surrounding the two central microtubules in cilia and flagella.

A

Central sheath

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21
Q

The central shaft of cilia and flagella, composed of microtubule arrangements.

A

Axoneme

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22
Q

The phase of ciliary movement when cilia push against the fluid, generating forward thrust.

A

Power stroke

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23
Q

The phase of ciliary movement when cilia return to a resting position, reducing resistance.

A

Recovery stroke

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24
Q

A category that encompasses both cilia and flagella due to their similar structure.

A

Undulipodia

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25
Q

Hair-like projections found on some flagella that increase the effective surface area.

A

Mastigonemes

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26
Q

The clear, rounded tip of a lobopodium in amoeboid cells.

A

Hyaline cap

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27
Q

Slender, thread-like pseudopodia used for sensing the environment and capturing food.

A

Filopodia

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28
Q

The movement of cytoplasm within a cell, helping distribute nutrients and removing waste.

A

Cytoplasmic streaming

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29
Q

A solid or semi-solid state of the cytoplasm, often involved in maintaining structure.

A

Gel

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30
Q

A liquid state of the cytoplasm, allowing for more fluid movement within the cell.

A

Sol

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31
Q

A type of pseudopodia that forms a network for capturing food.

A

Reticulopodia

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32
Q

Thin, radiating pseudopodia containing microtubules, functioning primarily in capturing prey.

A

Axopodia

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33
Q

A method of asexual reproduction where an organism splits into two or more parts.

A

Fission

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34
Q

A common form of asexual reproduction where a single organism divides into two identical organisms.

A

Binary fission

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35
Q

A form of reproduction resulting in multiple offspring from one organism.

A

Multiple fission

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36
Q

A method of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows out of the parent organism.

A

Budding

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37
Q

A form of asexual reproduction where an organism divides without mitosis and shares its nuclei.

A

Plasmotomy

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38
Q

A dormant form of a protozoan capable of withstanding adverse conditions.

A

Cyst

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39
Q

The process by which a cyst opens to release the active form of the organism.

A

Excystment

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40
Q

A membrane-bound structure in protozoans where ingested food is digested.

A

Food vacuole

41
Q

A food vacuole formed by the engulfing of food particles.

A

Phagosome

42
Q

Referring to the coordinated movement of cilia in a wave-like pattern.

A

Metachronal

43
Q

Pertaining to organisms that live in groups, often composed of genetically identical individuals.

A

Colonial

44
Q

Membrane-bound sacs beneath the cell membrane in certain protists.

A

Alveoli

45
Q

The internal structure underlying cilia, organizing their movement.

A

Infraciliature

46
Q

Fibers connecting cilia to their basal bodies.

A

Kinetodesmos

47
Q

Referring to the collection of fibers that organize cilia.

A

Kinetodesmata

48
Q

A structure made of cilia that functions in locomotion.

A

Undulating membrane

49
Q

A complex arrangement of cilia functioning together as a single organ.

A

Membranelle

50
Q

A type of ciliary organelle that tapers to a point.

A

Cirrus

51
Q

A definitive mouth opening in some protozoans.

A

Cytostome

52
Q

The outer covering of some protozoans, providing structure and protection.

A

Pellicle

53
Q

Referring to two distinct forms or types of cells in an organism.

A

Dimorphic

54
Q

Describing cells that contain two or more genetically different nuclei.

A

Heterokaryotic

55
Q

Describing cells that contain one kind of nucleus.

A

Monomorphic

56
Q

Pertaining to cells that contain nuclei that are genetically identical.

A

Homokaryotic

57
Q

The larger, polyploid nuclei in ciliates responsible for regulating cell metabolism.

A

Macronuclei

58
Q

The smaller nuclei in ciliates involved in reproduction.

A

Micronuclei

59
Q

A form of sexual reproduction involving a temporary union of two individuals.

A

Conjugation

60
Q

The haploid nuclei formed during meiosis in ciliates.

A

Pronuclei

61
Q

A nucleus formed by the fusion of two pronuclei.

A

Synkaryon

62
Q

Distinct forms within a species that recognize each other for sexual reproduction.

A

Mating types

63
Q

Groups of mating types within a species that can mate with each other.

A

Syngens

64
Q

Offspring produced from a parent organism.

A

Daughters

65
Q

A form of self-fertilization in ciliates.

A

Autogamy

66
Q

A protective outer shell or casing in some organisms.

A

Lorica

67
Q

Referring to organisms that ingest food particles, typically solid.

A

Holozoic

68
Q

Referring to organisms that actively prey on others.

A

Raptorial

69
Q

A coiled, contractile structure found in some ciliates.

A

Spasmoneme

70
Q

A smaller partner in a conjugation event in ciliates.

A

Microconjugant

71
Q

Specialized structures in some ciliates that help capture prey.

A

Haptocysts

72
Q

Membrane-bound structures found beneath the cell membrane in certain protists.

A

Alveolar sacs

73
Q

The ability of an organism to produce light through biochemical reactions.

A

Bioluminescence

74
Q

Symbiotic dinoflagellates that live in the tissues of corals and other marine invertebrates.

A

Zooxanthellae

75
Q

The host organism in which a parasite reaches maturity and reproduces.

A

Definitive host

76
Q

Organisms that host the parasite during its development before moving to the definitive host.

A

Intermediate hosts

77
Q

Organisms that transmit parasites or pathogens from one host to another.

A

Vectors

78
Q

The sexual form of a parasite, leading to gamete formation.

A

Gametocytes

79
Q

Early developmental stages of certain parasites within a mosquito.

A

Ookinetes

80
Q

The cyst form of the parasite, often resistant to environmental conditions.

A

Oocysts

81
Q

The infective stage of certain parasites, injected into hosts by vectors.

A

Sporozoites

82
Q

A stage in the life cycle of some parasites where the organism undergoes asexual reproduction.

A

Schizont

83
Q

The products of division of a schizont, which invade host cells.

A

Merozoites

84
Q

A vestigial plastid found in apicomplexan parasites, essential for their survival.

A

Apicoplast

85
Q

Parasites that live on other parasites.

A

Hyperparasites

86
Q

The process by which a cell engulfs solid particles or microorganisms.

A

Phagocytosis

87
Q

The structure formed by the extension of pseudopodia during food capture.

A

Food cup:

88
Q

The process of engulfing liquid material by a cell.

A

Pinocytosis

89
Q

A large, resistant structure formed by some protozoans for survival.

A

Macrocyst

90
Q

A mass of cytoplasm containing many nuclei, a form of some slime molds.

A

Plasmodium

91
Q

A type of plasmodium that is made up of many individual cells.
92. Sporangia: Structures in which spores are produced.

A

Pseudoplasmodium

92
Q

Structures in which spores are produced.

A

Sporangia

93
Q

Thin, long pseudopodia that extend from certain protozoans and are often involved in capturing prey.

A

Axopodia

94
Q

The inner region of a radiolarian or acantharian.

A

Intracapsular zone

95
Q

The outer region of a radiolarian or acantharian where digestion occurs.

A

Extracapsular zone

96
Q

Tiny, finger-like projections that increase the surface area of cells.

A

Microvilli

97
Q

Organisms that can produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

A

Autotrophic

98
Q

A light-sensitive organelle in some flagellated organisms.

A

Stigma

Marine Inverts (5 decks)

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