Chapter 1- Introduction and Environmental Considerations

Question 1

The process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product, usually proteins.

Answer 1

Gene Expression

Question 1

Animals that are lacking a backbone and are heterogeneously assembled into
over 35 animal phyla.

Answer 1

Invertebrates

Question 2

The process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.

Answer 2

Mitosis

Question 3

A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing four gametes, each with distinct genetic combinations.

Answer 3

Meiosis

Question 4

The process of renewal, restoration, and repair of tissue, which can lead to a complete regrowth of parts of an organism.

Answer 4

Regeneration

Question 5

The sequence of events that have led to the development of species over time and their adaptive significance.

Answer 5

Evolutionary history

Question 6

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that is responsible for the transport of oxygen.

Answer 6

Hemoglobin

Question 7

A type of steroid hormone involved in regulating molting and metamorphosis in arthropods.

Answer 7

Ecdysteroid

Question 8

The process where male sperm and female egg unite to form a new organism.

Answer 8

Fertilization

Question 9

The physiological process by which animals sense and respond to chemical stimuli.

Answer 9

Chemoreception

Question 10

Electrochemical signals that are propagated along neurons, allowing messages to be transmitted throughout the nervous system.

Answer 10

Nerve impulses

Question 11

The underlying chemical processes that contribute to the functions and behaviors of living organisms.

Answer 11

Biochemical basis

Question 12

The ability of one genotype to produce various phenotypes in response to different environmental conditions.

Answer 12

Phenotypic plasticity

Question 13

The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

Answer 13

Biodiversity

Question 14

A phenomenon affecting honeybee populations in which bees abandon their hives, leading to a rapid decline in colony population.

Answer 14

Colony Collapse Disorder

Question 15

The introduction of harmful substances or products into the environment, which can adversely affect ecosystems and living organisms.

Answer 15

Pollution

Question 16

The effect that an event, or a series of events, has on the structure and functioning of ecological systems.

Answer 16

Ecological impact

Question 17

The spread of non-native species into new environments, potentially disrupting existing ecosystems.

Answer 17

Biological invasions

Question 18

The interactions between different species in an ecosystem through which energy and nutrients are transferred, impacting community structure and ecosystem health.

Answer 18

Food web function (FWF)

Question 19

Complex networks of interactions between different genes and regulatory factors that govern the expression of genes in cells.

Answer 19

Gene regulatory networks (GRN)

Question 20

Microscopic organisms that live in aquatic environments and are capable of photosynthesis, serving as the primary producers in marine and freshwater ecosystems.

Answer 20

Phytoplanktons

Question 21

The process by which certain organisms convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into organic matter using energy derived from chemical reactions.

Answer 21

Chemosynthesis

Question 22

Tiny, often microscopic animals that drift or float in water and feed on phytoplankton or other small particles.

Answer 22

Zooplankton

Question 23

A method of feeding where organisms, such as various invertebrates, extract small particles from the water as it flows past them.

Answer 23

Suspension feeding

Question 24

The creation of organic compounds by autotrophic organisms (like phytoplankton) in an ecosystem, primarily through the process of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, forming the basis for food chains.

Answer 24

Primary production

Question 25

Organisms that are anchored in place and do not move freely, typically attached to a substrate.

Answer 25

Sessile

Question 26

A measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow, reflecting how thick or sticky the fluid is.

Answer 26

Viscosity

Question 27

The resistance experienced by an object moving through a fluid, often resulting in a slowing effect.

Answer 27

Drag

Question 28

A dimensionless quantity used to predict flow patterns in different fluid flow situations, indicating whether the flow will be laminar or turbulent based on the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces.

Answer 28

Reynolds numbers

Question 29

Referring to an organism’s internal fluids having a higher solute concentration than the external environment, leading to the tendency for water to flow into the organism.

Answer 29

Hypoosmotic

Question 30

A state where the concentration of solute is balanced on both sides of a membrane, preventing the net movement of water across the membrane.

Answer 30

Osmotic equilibrium

Question 31

Traits or characteristics that evolve in a species that allow them to exploit new habitats or ecological niches when they become available.

Answer 31

Preadaptations