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Marine Inverts > Chapter 2- Classification and Relationships > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Classification and Relationships Flashcards

Terms and Definitions

1
Q

The arrangement of organisms into groups based on shared characteristics, often to understand evolutionary relationships.

A

Classification

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2
Q

Organisms that consist of more than one cell, often organized into tissues and organs.

A

Multicellular

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3
Q

Multicellular animals that develop from a blastula, typically differentiated into various cell types.

A

Metazoans

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4
Q

The term used to describe a group of ancient, multicellular organisms that lived during the Ediacaran period, before the Cambrian explosion.

A

Ediacaran fauna

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5
Q

The rapid diversification of life that occurred during the Cambrian period, approximately 541 million years ago, resulting in the emergence of many modern animal phyla.

A

Cambrian explosion

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6
Q

Relating to the form or structure of organisms.

A

Morphological

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7
Q

Pertaining to the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms.

A

Phylogenetic

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8
Q

Related to the structure of organisms, particularly regarding the organization of their physical parts.

A

Anatomical

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9
Q

Observable characteristics related to the form and structure of organisms.

A

Morphological traits

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10
Q

Shared, derived characteristics that can be used to infer evolutionary relationships among taxa.

A

Synapomorphies

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11
Q

Referring to a group of organisms that includes an ancestor but not all of its descendants.

A

Paraphyletic

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12
Q

Describing a group of organisms that includes a single ancestor and all of its descendants.

A

Monophyletic

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13
Q

A diagram that illustrates the arrangement of the different taxonomic groups based on their evolutionary relationships.

A

Dendrogram

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14
Q

A classification approach that considers both the evolutionary history and the degree of similarity among different organisms.

A

Evolutionary systematics

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15
Q

A method of classification based on the common ancestry and shared characteristics of species, using synapomorphies to define groups.

A

Cladistics

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16
Q

Features that originate from a common ancestor and can be used to determine evolutionary relationships.

A

Homologous characters

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17
Q

Traits that have similar functions but do not arise from a common evolutionary origin.

A

Analogous characteristics

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18
Q

The direction of change in evolutionary traits, distinguishing between ancestral and derived states.

A

Polarity

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19
Q

A statistical technique used to assess the reliability of a phylogenetic tree by resampling the data.

A

Bootstrapping

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20
Q

Diagrams that represent the evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.

A

Phylogenic trees

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21
Q

A branching point on a phylogenetic tree where a common ancestor is represented.

A

Node

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22
Q

Two lineages that share an immediate common ancestor.

A

Sister groups

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23
Q

A species or group that is used to root a phylogenetic tree, helping to infer the direction of evolution.

A

Outgroup

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24
Q

Multicellular animals that develop from a blastula, typically differentiated into various cell types.

A

Metazoans

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25
Q

Organisms that consist of a single cell.

A

Unicellular

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26
Q

Referring to organisms that do not have a cellular structure.

A

Acellular

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27
Q

Organisms that can be divided into two mirror-image halves along a single plane.

A

Bilaterally symmetrical

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28
Q

The concentration of sensory and nervous tissues at one end of an organism, leading to the formation of a head.

A

Cephalization

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29
Q

Organisms that can be divided into similar halves by multiple planes passing through the central axis.

A

Radially symmetrical

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30
Q

Layers of cells that develop during embryonic development and give rise to different tissue types in the organism.

A

Germ layers

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31
Q

Organisms that have two germ layers: ectoderm and endoderm.

A

Diploblastic

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32
Q

The outermost germ layer that develops into the outer covering of the body and the nervous system.

A

Ectoderm

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33
Q

The innermost germ layer that develops into the innermost lining of the digestive tract and associated organs.

A

Endoderm

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34
Q

Organisms that have three germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.

A

Triploblastic

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35
Q

The middle germ layer that develops into muscles, the circulatory system, and other internal structures.

A

Mesoderm

36
Q

Organisms that possess a coelom, a fluid-filled body cavity lined with mesoderm.

A

Coelomates

37
Q

Animals with a true coelom fully lined with mesodermal cells.

A

Eucoelomates

38
Q

A group of coelomate animals in which the mouth develops from the blastopore during early embryonic development.

A

Protostomes

39
Q

The process of coelom formation in protostomes, whereby the coelom forms through a split in the mesoderm.

A

Schizocoely

40
Q

A group of coelomates in which the anus develops from the blastopore, with the mouth forming later.

A

Deuterostomes

41
Q

The process of coelom formation in deuterostomes, in which the coelom arises from pouches of the archenteron.

A

Enterocoely

42
Q

The region of an egg where the embryo develops and is typically associated with the formation of future embryonic tissues.

A

Animal pole

43
Q

The region of the egg opposite the animal pole, associated with the formation of the yolk and supportive tissues.

A

Vegetal pole

44
Q

A type of cleavage in embryonic development where the cells divide symmetrically and align vertically.

A

Radial pattern

45
Q

A type of embryonic development where cells divide at an oblique angle, creating a spiral arrangement.

A

Spiral cleavage

46
Q

The smaller cells resulting from cleavage during early development.

A

Micromeres

47
Q

The larger cells resulting from cleavage during early development.

A

Macromeres

48
Q

A type of development in deuterostomes where the potential of embryonic cells remains flexible, allowing them to develop into complete organisms if separated.

A

Indeterminate or regulative

49
Q

A type of development in protostomes where the fate of embryonic cells is fixed very early in development.

A

Determinate or mosaic

50
Q

A small bulge that forms at one end of certain embryos, playing a role in determining cell fate.

A

Polar lobe

51
Q

The fluid-filled cavity that forms within the blastula, playing a role in embryo development.

A

Blastocoel

52
Q

A body cavity that is not lined with mesoderm-derived tissue.

A

Pseudocoel

53
Q

An organism possessing a pseudocoel, which provides a fluid-filled body cavity.

A

Pseudocoelomate

54
Q

Animals that lack a body cavity between the digestive tract and the outer body wall.

A

Acoelomate

55
Q

Any named group of organisms, such as a species or group of species.

A

Taxon

56
Q

A group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all its descendants.

A

Monophyletic

57
Q

A group that includes an ancestor but not all of its descendants.

A

Paraphyletic

58
Q

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

A

Species

59
Q

The first part of a species’ scientific name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs.

A

Generic name

60
Q

The second part of a species’ scientific name, identifying the particular species within the genus.

A

Specific name

61
Q

The combination of the genus and specific name, used to identify a species uniquely.

A

Species name

62
Q

A proposed system of nomenclature for classifying organisms based on phylogenetic relationships rather than traditional taxonomic ranks.

A

The PhyloCode

63
Q

The process where unrelated or distantly related organisms evolve similar traits due to similar environmental pressures.

A

Convergence

64
Q

The existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures, or genes, in different taxa.

A

Homology

65
Q

Referring to structures derived from a common ancestor.

A

Homologous

66
Q

The direction of evolutionary change in traits or characteristics.

A

Polarity

67
Q

Relating to land; organisms that live on land.

A

Terrestrial

68
Q

Relating to the ocean; organisms that live in saltwater environments.

A

Marine

69
Q

The area between the high tide and low tide marks, where organisms are exposed to air at low tide and submerged at high tide.

A

Intertidal

70
Q

The region of the ocean just below the intertidal zone, usually permanently underwater.

A

Subtidal

71
Q

The vast area of the sea that is not near the coast; also known as pelagic zones.

A

Open ocean

72
Q

Organisms that can move freely and actively.

A

Mobile

73
Q

Organisms that are inactive or fixed in one place and do not move around (e.g., attached to surfaces).

A

Sedentary

74
Q

Referring to organisms that drift or float in water, unable to swim against currents.

A

Planktonic

75
Q

Animals that primarily eat plants.

A

Herbivores

76
Q

Animals that primarily eat other animals

A

Carnivores

77
Q

Organisms that filter small particles from the water as it flows past them.

A

Suspension feeders

78
Q

Organisms that ingest sediment and extract organic matter as it moves through their digestive systems.

A

Deposit feeders

79
Q

Interactions between two different organisms living in close physical proximity, often with benefits to one or both.

A

Symbiotic associations

80
Q

The various types of interactions in a symbiotic relationship, which can include mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

A

Symbioses

81
Q

Organisms that live on the surface of another organism, often benefiting from the relationship.

A

Ectosymbionts

82
Q

Organisms that live within the body or cells of another organism, often having a mutualistic relationship.

A

Endosymbionts

83
Q

A symbiotic relationship in which both partners benefit.

A

Mutualism

84
Q

A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed.

A

Commensalism

85
Q

Organisms that live on or in a host and benefit at the host’s expense, often causing harm.

A

Parasites

86
Q

The organism that provides a living environment and resources to a parasite or symbiont.

A

Host

Marine Inverts (5 decks)

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