Chapter 3 - The Iron Age And The Arrival Of The Celts Flashcards

1
Q

When did the celts begin to control europe?

A

Around 650BC

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2
Q

When did the celts first settle in ireland?

A

From 500BC onwards

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3
Q

How do we know so much about the celts?

A
  • celts left no written accounts on how they lived or ruled

- the celts traded with greeks and romans who left behind scholars about the celts

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4
Q

What type of objects have archaeologists discovered from the Iron Age?

A

Weapons and jewellery

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5
Q

What is Ogham?

A
  • a basic type of alphabet
  • a series of notches
  • engraved in standing stones
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6
Q

How did Celtic men dress?

A
  • woollen trousers called bracae and boots made of soft leather
  • in summer : sleeveless shirts
  • cold weather : woollen tunic , long sleeves , heavy woollen cloaks
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7
Q

What did Celtic women look like?

A
  • long woollen dresses fastened around the waist
  • shawls / heavy cloaks
  • leather boots or sandals
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8
Q

How did celts dye their clothes?

A

They used berries and plants to dye wool and produce checkered and striped patterns

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9
Q

What arts and crafts did the celts do?

A
  • large pins/brooches : made by skilled craftsmen to fasten clothes
  • gold was the preferred choice for crafting jewellery
  • torcs were gold and silver necklaces
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10
Q

What were torcs?

A

Celtic gold and silver necklaces

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11
Q

What the celts discover in around 250BC?

A

How to make glass

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12
Q

How was the country divided?

A

The country was divided into approximately 150 kingdoms or “tuath”

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13
Q

Who was the leader of the tuath?

A

-each tuath was controlled by the “rí” (king) and the royal family the derbhine

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14
Q

How was celtic society divided?

A
Rí : king
Derbhine : royal family
Tánasite : a successor to the king 
Nobles : landowners, warriors, Aos Dána (brehons, druids, fílí, craftsmen) 
Labourers
Slaves
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15
Q

What was fosterage?

A

When nobles would send their sons away to be brought up in other families until the age of 14

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16
Q

Who were the warriors?

A

Warriors were knobles who:

  • were trained to protect the tuath
  • hunted boar and led cattle raids against other tribes
  • held feasts to celebrate successes
  • ‘heros portion’ - the warrior who was bravest had the biggest puece of meat
  • cut off enemies heads and kept them as trophies
17
Q

Who were the brehons?

A

Members of the Aos Dána who:

  • were judges and settled disputes
  • were responsible for remebering ancient brehon laws
  • fined celts who broke the law
18
Q

Who were the druids?

A

Memebers of the Aos Dána who:

  • were priests
  • preformed ceremonies during important celtic festivals
19
Q

Who were the filí?

A
  • poets
  • trained for 20 years
  • learned history and the celtic legends by composing it and learning it by heart
  • Filí called ‘bards’ were employed by nobles to compose poetry praising them
20
Q

Who were the craftsmen?

A

Members of the Aos Dana who were carpenters and workers

21
Q

What part did women play in celtic society?

A
  • important role
  • cooking, cleaning and bringing up children
  • noble women were respected and could bring up children
22
Q

What is the Táin Bó Cuailinge?

A

The irish ledgend that tells us that Medb was a powerful queen of connacht

23
Q

Name three celtic settlements?

A
  • rath/ringfort
  • crannóg
  • hillfort
24
Q

What was a rath or ringfort?

A
  • common form of celic dwelling
  • nobles and large farmers lived here
  • poorer people lived nearby in mud cabins
  • circular area
  • raised bank
  • timber wall
  • surrounded by a ditch
  • houses built within enclosure
25
Q

What was a cashel?

A

A rath or ringfort made with stone walls

26
Q

What was a souterrain?

A

An underground passage used to store food and as refuge during attack

27
Q

What was a crannóg?

A
  • A dwelling built on man made islands on lakes
  • artificial island - built by dumping stones, rocks, mud and wood
  • island reached by boat or wooden bridge
  • great protection from attackers and wild animals
28
Q

What was a hillfort?

A

A dwelling built on hills for protection e.g. Hill of tara

A promontory fort was built on a cliff - Dún Aengus

29
Q

What did celts farm?

A
  • wheat, barley, oats, cabbage, carrots, turnips
  • berries and fruits picked
  • amount of cows determined wealth
30
Q

What were the Celtic pastimes?

A
  • brandubh + ficheall : celtic games like chess and draughts

- báire : similar to hurling and golf

31
Q

What were the celtic religious beliefs?

A
  • many gods… polytheistic

- believed gods were all around them - rivers, mountains, forests

32
Q

What were the Celtic burial customs?

A
  • celts cremated their dead and put the ashes into a cist grave or pit
  • grave goods
33
Q

What happened in 700BC?

A

Discovery of iron in central europe