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Psychology 101 @home > Chapter 3: The brain biology and behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 3: The brain biology and behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuron

A

An individual nerve cell

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2
Q

Bio psychology

A

The study of how biological processes, especially activity in the brain and nervous system, relate to behavior

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

Neuron fibers that receive incoming messages

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4
Q

Soma

A

The main body of a neuron or other cell

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5
Q

Axon

A

Fiber that carries information away from the cell body of a neuron

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6
Q

Axon terminals

A

Branching fibers at the end of axons

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7
Q

Ion

A

An Electrically charged molecule

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8
Q

Resting potential

A

The electrical charge of a neuron at rest

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9
Q

Threshold

A

The point at which a nerve impulse is triggered

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10
Q

Action potential

A

The nerve impulse

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11
Q

Ion channels

A

Channels through the axon membrane

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12
Q

All or nothing event

A

An event that happens completely or not at all

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13
Q

Synapse

A

The microscopic space between two neurons, over which messages pass

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14
Q

Neuro transmitter

A

Any chemical released by a neuron that alters activity and other neurons

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15
Q

Receptor sites

A

Areas on the surface of neurons and other cells that are sensitive to neurotransmitters or hormones

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16
Q

Acetylcholine

A

The neurotransmitter released by neurons to activate muscles

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17
Q

Enkephalins

A

Opiate like brain chemicals that regulate reactions to pain and stress

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18
Q

Curare

A

A drug that competes with acetylcholine, causing paralysis

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19
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Brain chemicals that regulate the activity of neurons

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20
Q

Endorphins

A

Chemicals that are similar in structure and pain killing effect to opiate drugs such as morphine

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21
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of neuron fibers

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22
Q

Myelin

A

A fatty layer coating some axons

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23
Q

Neurilemma

A

A layer of cells that encases many axons

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24
Q

Central nervous system(CNS)

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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25
Q

Peripheral nervous system(PNS)

A

All parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord

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26
Q

Somatic system

A

The system of nerves linking the spinal cord with body and sense organs.

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27
Q

Autonomic system

A

The system of nerves carrying information to and from the internal organs and glands

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28
Q

Sympathetic branch

A

A branch of the ANS that arouses the body

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29
Q

Parasympathetic branch

A

A branch of the ANS that quiet the body

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30
Q

White matter

A

Areas that appear white because of the presence of Myelin

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31
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Major nerves that carry sensory and motor messages in and out of the spinal cord

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32
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Major nerves that leave the brain without passing through the spinal cord

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33
Q

Reflex arc

A

The simplest behavior in which is stimulus provokes an automatic response

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34
Q

Sensory neuron

A

A nerve cell that carries information from the senses toward the CNS

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35
Q

Connector neuron

A

A nerve cell that serves as a link between two others

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36
Q

Motor neuron

A

A nerve cell that carries motor commands from the CNS to muscles and glands

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37
Q

Effector cells

A

Cells and muscles and glands that are capable of producing some type of response

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38
Q

Clinical study

A

An intensive investigation of the behavior of a single person, especially one suffering from some injury, disease, or disorder.

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39
Q

ablation

A

Surgical removal of tissue

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40
Q

Electrode

A

Any device (such as a wire, middle, or metal plate) used to electrically stimulate nerve tissue or to record its activity

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41
Q

Deep lesioning

A

Removal of tissue within the brain by use of an electrode

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42
Q

Electrical stimulation of the brain

A

Direct electrical stimulation and activation of brain tissue

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43
Q

Electroencephalography

A

Technique used to measure waves of electrical activity produced by the brain

44
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

A device that the text, amplifies, and records electrical activity in the brain

45
Q

Complicated tomographic (ct) scanning

A

A computer enhanced x-ray image of the brain or body

46
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging

A

A computer -enhanced three dimensional representation of the brain or body, based on the bodies response to a magnetic field

47
Q

Functional MRI

A

Magnetic resonance imaging that records brain activity

48
Q

PET scan

A

Positron emission tomography; A computer generated image of brain activity, based on glucose composition in the brain

49
Q

Cerebrum

A

The two large hemisphere is a cover the upper part of the brain

50
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The outer layer of the cerebrum

51
Q

Gray matter

A

Areas in the nervous system made up mostly of nerve cell bodies

52
Q

Corticalization

A

An increase in the relative size of the cerebral cortex

53
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

The right and left halves of the cerebrum

54
Q

Corpus callosum

A

The bundle of fibers connecting the cerebral hemispheres

55
Q

Spatial neglect

A

Ignoring one side of vision or of the body after damage to a brain hemisphere

56
Q

Split brain operation

A

Cutting the corpus callosum

57
Q

Lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

Areas on the cortex bordered by major fissures are defined by their functions

58
Q

Occipital lobes

A

Portion of the cerebral cortex revision registers in the brain

59
Q

Tumor

A

A mass of abnormal cells

60
Q

Parietal lobes

A

Area of the brain or bodily sensations register

61
Q

Somatosensory area

A

A receiving area for bodily sensations

62
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Areas that include the sites where hearing registers in the brain

63
Q

Frontal lobes

A

Brain area associated with movement, sense of smell, and higher mental functions

64
Q

Motor cortex

A

A brain area associated with control movement

65
Q

Association cortex

A

All areas of the cerebral cortex that are not primarily sensory or motor in function

66
Q

Aphasia

A

A speech disturbance resulting from brain damage

67
Q

Broca’s area

A

A language area related to grammar and pronunciation

68
Q

Wernickis area

A

An area related to language comprehension

69
Q

Agnosia

A

An inability to grasp the meaning of stimuli, such as words, objects, or pictures

70
Q

Facial agnosia

A

The inability to recognize familiar faces

71
Q

Sub cortex

A

All brain structures below the cerebral cortex

72
Q

Brainstem

A

The lowest portion of the brain, including the cerebellum, medulla, pons, and reticular formation

73
Q

Medulla

A

The structure that connects the brain with the spinal cord and controls vital life functions

74
Q

Pons

A

An area on the brain stem to ask is a bridge between the medulla and other structures

75
Q

Cerebellum

A

A brain structure that controls posture and coordination

76
Q

Reticular formation

A

Netwerk within the medulla and brainstem; associated with attention, alertness, and some reflexes.

77
Q

Particular activating system (RAS)

A

A part of the reticular formation that activates the cerebral cortex

78
Q

Thalamus

A

A brain structure that relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex

79
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A small area of the brain the graduate emotional behaviors and motives

80
Q

Limbic system

A

A system in the forebrain that is closely linked with emotional response

81
Q

Amygdala

A

A part of the limbic system associated with fear responses

82
Q

Hippocampus

A

A part of the limbic system associated with storing memories

83
Q

Endocrine system

A

GLands whose secretions pass directly into the bloodstream or lymph system

84
Q

Hormone

A

Are you glandular secretion that affects bodily functions or behavior

85
Q

Growth hormone

A

A hormone, secreted by the pituitary gland, that promotes bodily growth

86
Q

Giantism

A

Excessive bodily growth caused by too much growth hormone

87
Q

Acromegaly

A

Enlargement of the arms, hands, feet and face caused by excess growth hormone production late in the human growth period 

88
Q

Hypopituitary dwarfism

A

Shortness on smallness caused by two little growth hormone

89
Q

Pituitary gland

A

The master gland whose hormones influence other endocrine glands

90
Q

Penal gland

A

Gland in the brain that helps regulate body rhythms and sleep cycles

91
Q

Melatonin

A

Hormone released by the penal gland in response to daily cycles of light and dark

92
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Endocrine gland that helps regulate the rate of Metabolism

93
Q

Metabolism

A

The rate at which energy is produced and used by the body

94
Q

Hyper thyroidism

A

Faster metabolism and excitability caused by an overactive thyroid gland

95
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Slower metabolism and sluggishness Caused by an underactive thyroid gland

96
Q

Epinephrine

A

An adrenal hormone that tends to arouse the body; epinephrine is associated with fear
(also known as adrenaline)

97
Q

Norepinephrine

A

An adrenal hormone that tends to arouse the body; norepinephrine is associated with anger
(also known as noradrenaline)

98
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Endocrine glands that aroused body, regulate salt balance, adjust the body to stress, and affect sexual functioning

99
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

The inner core of the adrenal glands; a source of Epinephrine and norepinephrine

100
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

The outer layer of the adrenal glands; produces hormones that affect salt intake, reactions to stress, and sexual development

101
Q

Virilism

A

The development of male sexual characteristics and a female

102
Q

Premature puberty

A

The development of sexual maturity in children

103
Q

Handedness

A

A preference for the right or left hand and most activities

104
Q

Dominant hemisphere

A

A term usually applied to the side of a persons brain that produces language

105
Q

lateralization

A

Differences between the two side of the body, especially differences in the abilities of the brain hemispheres

106
Q

Plasticity

A

The brain capacity to change its structure and functions

107
Q

Neurogenesis

A

The production of new brain cells

Psychology 101 @home (3 decks)

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