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Psych 1021 > Chapter 3- The Biology of Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 3- The Biology of Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Two main parts of nervous system

A

1) Central nervous system

2) Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A
  • all other nerves in body

- composed of Somatic and autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

Somatic Nervous system

A

voluntary movement, sensory information

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5
Q

Autonomic Nervous system

A

-involuntary systems of body

composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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6
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight

-increases heart rate, dilates pupils, stops digestion

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7
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest
relaxation
relaxes systems aroused by sympathetic NS

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8
Q

Cells of the NS

A

1) Glial cells

2) neurons

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9
Q

Glial cells

A
  • the glue, support
  • holds the CNS and PNS together
  • provides structural support, communication, and removes debris
  • 90% of cells in brain are glial
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10
Q

Neurons

A

cells that transmit and process information in the NS

-receive, intergrate and generate messages

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11
Q

Soma

A

cell body
-soma in post synaptic neuron integrates the graded potentials that the post synaptic neutron receives from its many synapses

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12
Q

Dendrites

A

finger like projections that receive messages from other neurons

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13
Q

axon

A

transmits electrical impulses toward receiving neuron

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14
Q

myelin sheath

A 
insulates the axon
-made up of two types of glial cells:
-oligodendrocytes (CNS)
-Schwann cells (PNS)
white in colour
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15
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A
  • allow impulse to travel quickly down the axon

- skips from node to node

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16
Q

White matter

A

parts of NS that contain myelinated axons

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17
Q

Grey matter

A

made up of cell bodies, dendrites and small unmyelinated neurons

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18
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • bodys immune system destroys myelin
  • slows down transmission of nerve signals
  • muscle weakness, dizziness, problems with vision
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19
Q

Synapse

A

junction between axon and adjacent neuron

-site of communication between a neuron and its target

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20
Q

Terminal

A

end of synapse that contains neurotransmitters

-when an electrical impulse reaches terminal, it triggers release of NT’s into the synaptic cleft

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21
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

before synaptic cleft

releases NT’s

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22
Q

Post synaptic neuron

A

after synaptic cleft

  • recieves the message
  • contains receptors that NT’s bind to
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23
Q

Types of Neurons

A

1) Sensory neurons
2) Motor neurons
3) Interneurons

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24
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

receive sensory info via sense organs

-detects changes in internal/external environment-> sends it to CNS

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25
Q

Motor Neurons

A

takes commands from brain and carries them to the muscles and glands of the body
-hormone release from endocrine glands

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26
Q

Interneurons

A

connect motor and sensory neurons

  • recieve info from sensory neurons, transmit it to motor neurons for action
  • most common in the brain
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27
Q

What happens when you touch something sharp

A

touch sharp thing -> sensory neurons take that info and send it to spinal cord, interneurons communicate to motor neurons in arm so you can move

28
Q

Neurons communicate via electrial signal carried by

A

ions

  • concentration gradient
  • different ion concentrations across membrane
  • pumps to keep gradient
29
Q

Two important jobs of neurons

A

1) to transmit a message to its target neutron across synapse
2) to transmit message along neuron itself

30
Q

Graded Potentials

A

trigger action potentials

31
Q

Action Potential

A

stimulates NT release

32
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers

33
Q

outside of cell concentration

A

Na+ and Cl- and Ca2+

34
Q

inside cell concentration

A

K+ and negatively charges molecules

35
Q

There is a ______ and ______ gradient

A

concentration and electrical

36
Q

Charge inside the cell at resting state

A

negative

37
Q

potential

A

the charge difference between inside and outside

38
Q

resting potential

A

-70 mV

39
Q

Excitatory receptors

A

allow passage of ions that makes inside of neutron more positive
-leads to the depolarization
ex- glutamate- passage of Na+ and Ca2+

40
Q

Depolarization

A
  • when Na rushes in

- change in membrane potential, becomes more positive

41
Q

Inhibitory receptors

A

allow the passage of ions that make the inside of neuron more negative

  • leads to hyper polarization
  • ex- GABA- passage of Cl-
42
Q

hyperpolarization

A

inside of cell becomes more negative

-decreases the likelihood of action potential

43
Q

Touching hot pan

A

hot cookies, pan is hot, touch it, brain sends inhibitory NT’S to counteract excitatory NT’s so that you are able to make it to the counter to drop the pan

44
Q

threshold

A
  • membrane potential of -55mV necessary to generate an action potential
  • excitatory brings it closer to threshold
  • inhibitory brings it further from threshold
45
Q

Describe communication with Neurons

A

1- resting potential -70mv
2-recieve a stimuli, graded potentials cause depolarization, sodium channels open and Na rushes into the cell -> action potential
3) Inside of membrane is positive. sodium channels close, potassium leaks out and restores the negative charge inside the cell, resulting in the repolarization
4- neutron returns to resting potential -70mv

46
Q

Once threshold is crossed

A

a signal is sent… all or non

47
Q

Enzymatic degradation

A

breakdown of NT’s by enzymes in synapse

48
Q

Pre-synaptic reuptake

A

returns excess NT back to neuron

49
Q

Acetycholine

A
  • slows ANS activity
  • eating, drinking, neuromuscular junction
  • involved in learning, memory, sleeping and dreaming
50
Q

Dopamine

A
  • arousal and positive mood
  • voluntary muscle control
  • oversupply is schizophrenia
51
Q

Epinephrine

A
  • increases ANS activity

- fight or flight

52
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • affects CNS activity

- increases alertness and attention

53
Q

Serotonin

A
  • mood
  • sleeping
  • eating
  • temperature
54
Q

GABA

A
  • major inhibitory NT
  • slows CNS
  • anxiety and intoxication
55
Q

Glutamate

A
  • major excitatory

- learning and memory

56
Q

Excitatory NTS

A

increase the likelihood of an action potential

57
Q

Inhibitory NTS

A

decrease the likelihood of an action potential

58
Q

compared to other primates, humans have an increased

A

forebrain

59
Q

Three main brain structures, from oldest to newest

A

1) hindbrain
2) mid brain
3) forebrain

60
Q

Hindbrain

A

the oldest brain region

directly connected to spinal cord

61
Q

Three main parts of the hind brain

A

Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum

62
Q

Medulla

A
  • regulates breathing and heart rate

- blood pressure and reflexes

63
Q

Pons

A

means bridge

  • connects lower brain and higher brain
  • important role in REM sleep
64
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • means “little brain”
  • has most neurons
  • cognitive control
  • balance and body movement, fine motor skills
  • active when learning NEW MOTOR SKILLS
65
Q

Midbrain

A

smallest

  • controls eye muscles
  • processes visual and auditory information
  • problems results in parkinsons (reduced dopamine)

Psych 1021 (5 decks)

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