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Psych 1021 > Chapter 1- Intro to Psych > Flashcards

Chapter 1- Intro to Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropology

A

the study of human culture and origins

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2
Q

Sociology

A

seeks to understand people in terms of large-scale social forces and group membership rather than individuals
-studies groups

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3
Q

Psychology

A

the science of understanding individuals

  • the scientific study of thought and behaviour
  • “psyche” comes from Greek for “mind”
  • IS A CORE SCIENCE and clinical practice
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4
Q

Experimental psychologists

A

conduct lab research on basic processes, emotion, motivation, learning, cognition, or sensation and perception.
-at uni, they teach

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5
Q

Four main goals of psychology

A

1- Describe: the way we think
2-Explain: behaviour, identify causes
3-Predict: what will happen
4: Change: thoughts and behaviours

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6
Q

Bully study

A

people who are bullied at home are more likely to befriend someone meek to assert dominance

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7
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak and solve problems

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8
Q

Developmental psychology

A

the study of how thought and behaviour change and remain stable across a lifespan

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9
Q

Behavioural neuroscience

A

the study of the links among brain, mind, and behaviour

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10
Q

Biological psychology

A

the study of the relationship between body systems and chemicals and how they influence thought and behaviour
-overlaps with neuroscience a lot

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11
Q

Personality psychology

A

the study of what makes people unique and consistencies in peoples behaviour across time and situations

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12
Q

Social psychology

A

the study of how living among others influences thought, feeling and behaviour

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13
Q

Clinical psychology

A

the diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional and behavioural disorders
-promotion of psychological health

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14
Q

Counselling psychology

A

-work with less severe psychological disorders than clinical psychologists
-training is more likely to occur in schools of education
ex- therapists, social workers

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15
Q

Health psychology

A

the role of psychological factors in physical health and illness

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16
Q

Educational psychology

A

the study of how students learn
the effectiveness of particular teaching
the social psychology of schools
and the psychology of teaching

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17
Q

Industrial/organization (I/O) psychology

A

the application of psychological concepts and questions to work settings
industrial side- involves matching employees to their jobs, using psych to select employees/evaluate their work performance
organizational side-considers how work environments/management influence worker motivation, satisfaction and productivity
-one of the fastest growing sub-discipline in psych

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18
Q

Sports psychology

A

the study of psychological factors in sports and exercise

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19
Q

Forensic psychology

A

the field that blends psychology, law, and criminal justice .

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20
Q

two main forms of psychology

A

clinical practice and science

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21
Q

Prehistoric views

A

-supernatural explanation for psychological disorders
had shamans- medicine men/women who would treat the possessed by driving out the demons with rituals like exorcisms, incantations and prayers
ex- using wooden masks to scare evil spirits that caused illness

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22
Q

Trephination

A

the oldest of all known surgical procedures

  • drilling hole in persons skull to release demons
  • alot of people survived these surguries, the surgeons had some knowledge of the brain
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23
Q

Ancient Views

A

moved away from supernatural beliefs towards natural and physiological explanations.
-made connections between a persons organs and emotions.
Using herbs/bark to treat pain

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24
Q

Medieval views

A

back to supernatural causes
disorders caused by possession by devils, demons and spirits
-Inquisition- church investigated witchcraft
did different tests to determine if a witch:
-poked with metal pole, if felt pain then a witch
-float test- tie hands and feet, throw in river, if float u a witch
-burned at the stake
asylums

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25
asylums
facilities for treating the mentally ill in europe during the middle ages -bad conditions
26
Philipe Pinel
first practitioner of moral treatment.
27
Dorothea Dix
first practitioner of moral treatment in North America
28
19th to 20th century
medical model- psychological disorders are a illness, should be treated with diagnosis and therapy Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis
29
psychoanalysis
- created by Sigmund Freud - unconscious mind determines thought and behaviour - dreams have meaning - our experiences during childhood shapes our adult personality - assumes people use psychological defences to protect themselves from threatening impulses, thoughts, feelings and fantasies - repressing disturbing thoughts and impulses is cause of bad adult behaviour - spawned many new therapies (psycho dynamic approach)
30
Sigmund Freud
- created psychoanalysis - v controversial - contributed to broadening the field of psychology to treat disorders
31
Modern Views
- psychotherapy: assessment and treatment by trained therapist - drug therapy - diagnosing mental disorders
32
Diagnostic tools
International Classification of Disease | -Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5)- most common
33
Empircism
- founded by John Locke - the view that all knowledge and thoughts come from experience - mind begins as a blank slate, experiences shape who we are - the mind simply receives sensory info
34
Psychophysics
the study of how people psychologically perceive physical stimuli, such as light, sound waves, touch -relationship between physical and psychological world
35
Important principle of psychophysics
- the perception of physical properties is not the same as the physical properties themselves - ex: what weighs more, pound of feathers or bricks?- perceived weight of the two are very different
36
Structuralism
- breaking down experience into its elemental parts to understand thought and behaviour - focus on the elements - describing in detail - studied the conscious experience of sensations, emotions and images
37
Introspection
- method of structuralism - looking into one's own mind - examining ones own thoughts + feelings - is subjective since it revolves around ones personal feelings and ideas-> unreliable mind
38
Functionalism
- better to look at why the mind worked the way it did - focused on function - used introspection as well
39
Structuralism and Functionalism contributed to:
the rise of psychology as the science of OBSERVABLE behaviour
40
Behaviourism
- founded by John Watson - psychology is a true science only if it examines observable behaviour - not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives - extreme form of environmentalism - did little albert case
41
environmentalism
the view that all behaviour comes from EXPERIENCE interacting with the world
42
BF Skinner
- popularized behaviourism - psychology should have two goals: -the prediction and control of behaviour - called his approach the experimental analysis of behaviour - consequences shape behaviour - environmental forces controlled peoples lives
43
Humanistic psychology
- promotes personal growth = reaching your highest potential | - people are inherently good and can shape their own lives
44
Positive psychology
psychology should focus on studying, understanding, and promoting healthy psychological functioning
45
Gestalt psychology
-we perceive things as wholes rather than as a bunch of parts
46
new word for thought and mental processes
cognition
47
Neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the structure and function of human and animal brains -most modern view
48
Wilder Penfield
- Montreal procedure- successful treatment for patients with epilepsy, destroying the neurons where seizures originated - burnt toast
49
Donald O. Hebb
- what fires together, wires together | - repeated stimulation of neurons strengthens their connection
50
Socio-cultural perspective
examine cross-cultural differences in thinking and behaviour -to see if things apply to all humans, or just certain populations
51
Individualist culture
- culture that emphasizes individual autonomy, achievement and success - positive sense of self is valued - focus on yourself, don't give a shit about others-- your needs are more important
52
Collectivist culture
- group needs are more important than individual needs | - interconnectedness is an ideal way of being
53
Evolutionary psychology
-hybrid discipline -applies evolutionary principles (natural selection and adaptation) to explain the development of mental characteristics and behaviours ex- why fear of snakes so common, how attractiveness influences mate selection, etc
54
Brenda Milner
- Case study of H.M - removed parts of the brain, had memory loss, - learned that different parts of the brain have different functions
55
Nature (in the nature vs. nurture debate)
- who we are comes from inborn tendency and genetically based traits - born this way
56
Nurture
- blank slate at birth - experiences shape who we are - anything is possible, you can be anything that you want to be - very western - John locke and behaviourists
57
Softwiring
biological systems involved in thought and behaviour (genes, brain structures, brain cells, etc) are inherited yet still open to modification from the environment - much of who we are is more softwired than hard wired - soft= think malleable, you can mould/change/alter it
58
Nature through nurture // interactionist perspective
-environment constantly interacts with biology to shape who we are and what we do
59
Mind-body dualism
- the mind and body are separate - mind controls the body - body can control mind when we abandon good judgement
60
evolution
means "change" | -the change over time in the frequency of which specific genes occur within a breeding species
61
natural selection
u already know this
62
Chance mutations
spontaneous changes in genes | alters the structure or a set of behaviours
63
Adaptations
inherited solutions to ancestral problems
64
schizophrenia
-caused by environment and biology

Psych 1021 (5 decks)

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