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Psych 1021 > Chapter 1- Intro to Psych > Flashcards

Chapter 1- Intro to Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

Anthropology

A

the study of human culture and origins

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2
Q

Sociology

A

seeks to understand people in terms of large-scale social forces and group membership rather than individuals
-studies groups

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3
Q

Psychology

A

the science of understanding individuals

  • the scientific study of thought and behaviour
  • “psyche” comes from Greek for “mind”
  • IS A CORE SCIENCE and clinical practice
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4
Q

Experimental psychologists

A

conduct lab research on basic processes, emotion, motivation, learning, cognition, or sensation and perception.
-at uni, they teach

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5
Q

Four main goals of psychology

A

1- Describe: the way we think
2-Explain: behaviour, identify causes
3-Predict: what will happen
4: Change: thoughts and behaviours

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6
Q

Bully study

A

people who are bullied at home are more likely to befriend someone meek to assert dominance

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7
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak and solve problems

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8
Q

Developmental psychology

A

the study of how thought and behaviour change and remain stable across a lifespan

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9
Q

Behavioural neuroscience

A

the study of the links among brain, mind, and behaviour

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10
Q

Biological psychology

A

the study of the relationship between body systems and chemicals and how they influence thought and behaviour
-overlaps with neuroscience a lot

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11
Q

Personality psychology

A

the study of what makes people unique and consistencies in peoples behaviour across time and situations

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12
Q

Social psychology

A

the study of how living among others influences thought, feeling and behaviour

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13
Q

Clinical psychology

A

the diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional and behavioural disorders
-promotion of psychological health

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14
Q

Counselling psychology

A

-work with less severe psychological disorders than clinical psychologists
-training is more likely to occur in schools of education
ex- therapists, social workers

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15
Q

Health psychology

A

the role of psychological factors in physical health and illness

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16
Q

Educational psychology

A

the study of how students learn
the effectiveness of particular teaching
the social psychology of schools
and the psychology of teaching

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17
Q

Industrial/organization (I/O) psychology

A

the application of psychological concepts and questions to work settings
industrial side- involves matching employees to their jobs, using psych to select employees/evaluate their work performance
organizational side-considers how work environments/management influence worker motivation, satisfaction and productivity
-one of the fastest growing sub-discipline in psych

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18
Q

Sports psychology

A

the study of psychological factors in sports and exercise

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19
Q

Forensic psychology

A

the field that blends psychology, law, and criminal justice .

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20
Q

two main forms of psychology

A

clinical practice and science

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21
Q

Prehistoric views

A

-supernatural explanation for psychological disorders
had shamans- medicine men/women who would treat the possessed by driving out the demons with rituals like exorcisms, incantations and prayers
ex- using wooden masks to scare evil spirits that caused illness

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22
Q

Trephination

A

the oldest of all known surgical procedures

  • drilling hole in persons skull to release demons
  • alot of people survived these surguries, the surgeons had some knowledge of the brain
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23
Q

Ancient Views

A

moved away from supernatural beliefs towards natural and physiological explanations.
-made connections between a persons organs and emotions.
Using herbs/bark to treat pain

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24
Q

Medieval views

A

back to supernatural causes
disorders caused by possession by devils, demons and spirits
-Inquisition- church investigated witchcraft
did different tests to determine if a witch:
-poked with metal pole, if felt pain then a witch
-float test- tie hands and feet, throw in river, if float u a witch
-burned at the stake
asylums

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25
Q

asylums

A

facilities for treating the mentally ill in europe during the middle ages
-bad conditions

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26
Q

Philipe Pinel

A

first practitioner of moral treatment.

27
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

first practitioner of moral treatment in North America

28
Q

19th to 20th century

A

medical model- psychological disorders are a illness, should be treated with diagnosis and therapy
Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis

29
Q

psychoanalysis

A
  • created by Sigmund Freud
  • unconscious mind determines thought and behaviour
  • dreams have meaning
  • our experiences during childhood shapes our adult personality
  • assumes people use psychological defences to protect themselves from threatening impulses, thoughts, feelings and fantasies
  • repressing disturbing thoughts and impulses is cause of bad adult behaviour
  • spawned many new therapies (psycho dynamic approach)
30
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • created psychoanalysis
  • v controversial
  • contributed to broadening the field of psychology to treat disorders
31
Q

Modern Views

A
  • psychotherapy: assessment and treatment by trained therapist
  • drug therapy
  • diagnosing mental disorders
32
Q

Diagnostic tools

A

International Classification of Disease

-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5)- most common

33
Q

Empircism

A
  • founded by John Locke
  • the view that all knowledge and thoughts come from experience
  • mind begins as a blank slate, experiences shape who we are
  • the mind simply receives sensory info
34
Q

Psychophysics

A

the study of how people psychologically perceive physical stimuli, such as light, sound waves, touch
-relationship between physical and psychological world

35
Q

Important principle of psychophysics

A
  • the perception of physical properties is not the same as the physical properties themselves
  • ex: what weighs more, pound of feathers or bricks?- perceived weight of the two are very different
36
Q

Structuralism

A
  • breaking down experience into its elemental parts to understand thought and behaviour
  • focus on the elements
  • describing in detail
  • studied the conscious experience of sensations, emotions and images
37
Q

Introspection

A
  • method of structuralism
  • looking into one’s own mind
  • examining ones own thoughts + feelings
  • is subjective since it revolves around ones personal feelings and ideas-> unreliable mind
38
Q

Functionalism

A
  • better to look at why the mind worked the way it did
  • focused on function
  • used introspection as well
39
Q

Structuralism and Functionalism contributed to:

A

the rise of psychology as the science of OBSERVABLE behaviour

40
Q

Behaviourism

A
  • founded by John Watson
  • psychology is a true science only if it examines observable behaviour
  • not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives
  • extreme form of environmentalism
  • did little albert case
41
Q

environmentalism

A

the view that all behaviour comes from EXPERIENCE interacting with the world

42
Q

BF Skinner

A
  • popularized behaviourism
  • psychology should have two goals: -the prediction and control of behaviour
  • called his approach the experimental analysis of behaviour
  • consequences shape behaviour
  • environmental forces controlled peoples lives
43
Q

Humanistic psychology

A
  • promotes personal growth = reaching your highest potential

- people are inherently good and can shape their own lives

44
Q

Positive psychology

A

psychology should focus on studying, understanding, and promoting healthy psychological functioning

45
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

-we perceive things as wholes rather than as a bunch of parts

46
Q

new word for thought and mental processes

A

cognition

47
Q

Neuroscience

A

the interdisciplinary study of the structure and function of human and animal brains
-most modern view

48
Q

Wilder Penfield

A
  • Montreal procedure- successful treatment for patients with epilepsy, destroying the neurons where seizures originated
  • burnt toast
49
Q

Donald O. Hebb

A
  • what fires together, wires together

- repeated stimulation of neurons strengthens their connection

50
Q

Socio-cultural perspective

A

examine cross-cultural differences in thinking and behaviour
-to see if things apply to all humans, or just certain populations

51
Q

Individualist culture

A
  • culture that emphasizes individual autonomy, achievement and success
  • positive sense of self is valued
  • focus on yourself, don’t give a shit about others– your needs are more important
52
Q

Collectivist culture

A
  • group needs are more important than individual needs

- interconnectedness is an ideal way of being

53
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

-hybrid discipline
-applies evolutionary principles (natural selection and adaptation) to explain the development of mental characteristics and behaviours
ex- why fear of snakes so common, how attractiveness influences mate selection, etc

54
Q

Brenda Milner

A
  • Case study of H.M
  • removed parts of the brain, had memory loss,
  • learned that different parts of the brain have different functions
55
Q

Nature (in the nature vs. nurture debate)

A
  • who we are comes from inborn tendency and genetically based traits
  • born this way
56
Q

Nurture

A
  • blank slate at birth
  • experiences shape who we are
  • anything is possible, you can be anything that you want to be
  • very western
  • John locke and behaviourists
57
Q

Softwiring

A

biological systems involved in thought and behaviour (genes, brain structures, brain cells, etc) are inherited yet still open to modification from the environment

  • much of who we are is more softwired than hard wired
  • soft= think malleable, you can mould/change/alter it
58
Q

Nature through nurture // interactionist perspective

A

-environment constantly interacts with biology to shape who we are and what we do

59
Q

Mind-body dualism

A
  • the mind and body are separate
  • mind controls the body
  • body can control mind when we abandon good judgement
60
Q

evolution

A

means “change”

-the change over time in the frequency of which specific genes occur within a breeding species

61
Q

natural selection

A

u already know this

62
Q

Chance mutations

A

spontaneous changes in genes

alters the structure or a set of behaviours

63
Q

Adaptations

A

inherited solutions to ancestral problems

64
Q

schizophrenia

A

-caused by environment and biology

Psych 1021 (5 decks)

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