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SGMT 2200 > Chapter 3 Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

4 Main manifestations of culture:

A
  1. Language
  2. Religion
  3. Social Structure
  4. Education
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2
Q

Informal institutions:

A

Institution represented by cultures, ethics, and norms

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3
Q

Ethnocentrism:

A

A self-centered mentality by a group of people who perceive their own culture, ethics, and norms as natural, rational, and morally right

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4
Q

Culture:

A

The collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another .
− Includes language, religion, social structure, and education

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5
Q

Language (Lingua Franca)

A
  • Lingua franca: A global business language
  • English-speaking countries contribute the largest share of global output.
  • Countries sharing a common language will find it easier to do business with each other.
  • Recent globalization has called for the use of one common language.
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6
Q

Religion

A
  • Religion is a major manifestation of culture.
  • Approximately 85% of the world’s population reportedly possesses some religious belief.
  • Knowledge about religions is crucial, even for non-religious managers.
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7
Q

Religion Practitioners:

A
  1. Christianity (1.7 Billion)
  2. Islam (1.6 Billion)
  3. Hinduism (1 Billion)
  4. Buddhism (500 Million)
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8
Q
  • Social structure:
A

The way a society broadly organizes its members

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9
Q
  • Social stratification:
A

The hierarchical arrangement of individuals into social categories (strata) such as classes, castes, and divisions within a society

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10
Q
  • Social mobility:
A

The degree to which members from a lower social category can rise to a higher status

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11
Q

Education

A
  • Education is an important component of culture.
  • Education can be used to maintain social stratification or to break down social barriers.
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12
Q

3 Ways to Understand Cultural Differences:

A
  1. Context
  2. Cluster
  3. Dimensions
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13
Q

Context:

A

The underlying background upon which social interaction takes place

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14
Q
  • Low-context culture:
A

A culture in which communication is usually taken at face value without much reliance on unspoken context

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15
Q

Examples of High Context Cultures:

A

China, Korean, Japanese, Arab

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16
Q
  • High-context culture
A

A culture in which communication relies a lot on the underlying unspoken context, which is as important as the words used

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17
Q

Examples of Low Context Cultures:

A

German, Swiss, Scandinavian, American/Canadian, Spanish

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18
Q

Cluster:

A

Countries that share similar cultures

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19
Q

Civilization:

A

The highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity people have

20
Q

5 Hofstede Dimensions of Culture:

A
  1. Power Distance
  2. Individualism
  3. Masculinity
  4. Uncertainty Avoidance
  5. Long-Term Orientation
21
Q
  • Power distance:
A

The extent to which less powerful members within a culture expect and accept that power is distributed unequally

22
Q
  • Individualism:
A

The idea that an individual’s identity is fundamentally their own

23
Q
  • Collectivism
A

The idea that an individual’s identity is fundamentally tied to the identity of their collective group

24
Q
  • Masculinity:
A

A relatively strong form of societal-level gender role differentiation whereby men tend to have occupations that reward assertiveness and women tend to work in caring professions

25
Q
  • Femininity
A

A relatively weak form of societal-level gender role differentiation whereby more women occupy positions that reward assertiveness and more men work in caring professions

26
Q
  • Uncertainty avoidance:
A

The extent to which members in a culture accept or avoid ambiguous situations and uncertainty

27
Q
  • Long-term orientation:
A

Dimension of how much emphasis is placed on perseverance and savings for future betterment

28
Q
  • Ethics:
A

The principles, standards, and norms of conduct that govern individual and firm behavior

29
Q
  • Code of conduct (code of ethics):
A

A set of guidelines for making ethical decisions

30
Q
  • Ethical relativism:
A

A perspective that suggests that all ethical standards are relative

31
Q
  • Ethical imperialism:
A

A perspective that suggests that “there is one set of Ethics (with a capital E) and we have it”

32
Q

Approaches to Managing Ethics Overseas:

A
  • Respect for human dignity and basic rights
  • Respect for local traditions
  • Respect for institutional context
33
Q
  • Corruption:
A

The abuse of public power for private benefits, usually in the form of bribery

34
Q
  • Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA):
A

A US law enacted in 1977 that bans bribery of foreign officials

35
Q

Strategic Responses (4):

A
  1. Reactive
  2. Defensive
  3. Accommodative
  4. Proactive
36
Q

Strategic Behavior of Reactive Response:

A

Deny Responsibility, do less than required

37
Q

Strategic Behavior of Defensive Response:

A

Admit Responsibility, but do the least that is required

38
Q

Strategic Behavior of Accommodative Response:

A

Accept Responsibility, do all that is required

39
Q

Strategic Behavior of Proactive Response:

A

Anticipate Responsibility, do more than is required

40
Q
  • Cultural intelligence:
A

An individual’s ability to understand and adjust to new cultures

41
Q
  • Acquisition of cultural intelligence passes through three phases:
A

(1) awareness, (2) knowledge, and (3) skills

42
Q

− Awareness:

A

refers to the recognition of both the pros and cons of your “mental software” and the appreciation of people from other cultures.

43
Q

− Knowledge:

A

refers to the ability to identify the symbols, rituals, and taboos in other cultures—also known as cross-cultural literacy.

44
Q

− Skills:

A

are based on awareness and knowledge, plus good practice.

45
Q

Six Rules of Thumb When Venturing Overseas:

A
  1. Be prepared
  2. Slow Down
  3. Establish Trust
  4. Understand the Importance of Language
  5. Respect Cultural Differences
  6. Understand that no culture is inherently superior in all aspects

SGMT 2200 (10 decks)

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