Chapter 3 Terms

Question 1

Atrophy*

Answer 1

type of cells’ adaptive response to injury. Shrinkage in size of the cell by the loss of cell substance. Cells are not dead.

Question 2

Degeneration*

Answer 2

Intracellular; the deterioration of tissues with corresponding functional impairment as a result of disease or injury

Question 3

Gangrene*

Answer 3

type of necrosis

Question 4

Hypertrophy*

Answer 4

type of cellular adaptation; increase in size of cells and consequently increase in size of organ or tissue; no increase in number of cells, cells are just bigger

Question 5

Infiltration*

Answer 5

the process of seepage or diffusion of a substance into tissues that should not normally be present in the cells. Occurs prior to cellular swelling. Cells undergo pigmentation.

Question 6

Pigmentation*

Answer 6

the coloration caused by either deposit or lack of colored material in the tissues.

Question 7

Hypoxia

Answer 7

oxygen deprivation (ex: carbon monoxide poisoning)

Question 8

Pallor

Answer 8

loss of color

Question 9

Turgor

Answer 9

cells become distended

Question 10

Cellular senescence

Answer 10

leads to alterations in cells’ abilities to replicate and repair, resulting in cellular degeneration and the eventual cell death.

Question 11

Regressive cellular changes

Answer 11

Cellular swelling

Question 12

Cellular swelling

Answer 12

Reversible. Occurs when cells are unable to maintain the proper balance and concentration between ions and fluid levels, which is the basic of osmotic pressure. Loss of color (pallor) Cells become distended (turgor). Cannot always be fixed with embalming.

Question 13

Isotonic

Answer 13

solutions exerting the same osmotic pressure as that within the cell

Question 14

Hypertonic

Answer 14

Solutions with stronger osmotic pressure than then cell; Cells with shrink here

Question 15

Hypotonic

Answer 15

solutions with a weaker osmotic pressure than the cell; cells will swell

Question 16

Crenation

Answer 16

Shrinkage of a cell placed in a hypertonic solution

Question 17

Desiccants

Answer 17

hypertonic embalming fluid solutions that remove excess moisture from tissues

Question 18

Humectants

Answer 18

hypotonic embalming fluid solutions that add moisture to dehydrated tissues

Question 19

Fatty Degeneration

Answer 19

Reversible; fatty changes in cells occur due to an accumulation of triglycerides. Present in heart, skeletal muscle, kidney and others. Due to toxins, protein malnutrition, diabetes, obesity, starvation, alcohol abuse.

Question 20

Triglycerides

Answer 20

result of digestion of fats. type of fat that circulates in blood.

Question 21

Amyloid degeneration

Answer 21

aka waxy degeneration or lardaceous degeneration; occurs in certain cancers, chronic inflammatory disease, chronic renal failure, Alzheimer disease and type two diabetes. The deposit of amyloid proteins in connective tissue and organs inhibit normal function.

Question 22

Amyloid*

Answer 22

waxy, translucent, complex protein that resembles starch

Question 23

Exogenous pigmentation

Answer 23

colored substances that come from outside the body. ex: Carbon found in coal dust, Black lung.

Question 24

Endogenous pigmentation

Answer 24

colored substances that are synthesized within the body, ex: local excess of blood found in a bruise,

Question 25

Calcification*

Answer 25

the depositing of calcium salts, magnesium, iron, and other minerals within the cells. ex: calcification of lymph nodes (turned to stone) with TB.

Question 26

Gout*

Answer 26

common form of arthritis that causes swelling and pain in some of the body’s joints. Disorder caused by the accumulation of excess amounts of uric acid in the tissues. Excess levels of uric acid create microscopic crystals that infiltrate joint tissues.

Question 27

Hyperuricemia

Answer 27

The condition caused by excess levels of uric acid found in the blood.

Question 28

Necrosis*

Answer 28

a sequence of structural changes that follow cell death in living tissue. All dead cells are not necrotic. Process includes cellular swelling, Denaturation and break down of cellular organelles. Two concurrent processes.

Question 29

Denaturation

Answer 29

Changes in the nature of cellular proteins

Question 30

Two processes of Necrosis

Answer 30

1. denaturation of cellular proteins (changes of molecular structure due to heat, radiation, pH changes, etc.)
2. Self-digestion through autolysis; alters dead cells and surrounding area

Question 31

Caseous*

Answer 31

distinct form of necrosis present in cases of tuberculosis. Means “cheese-like” Center of caseous necrotic tissue has a cottage-cheese appearance. Pink areas of necrosis surrounded by inflammatory granules.

Question 32

Wet or moist gangrene

Answer 32

wet gangrene is a form of liquefactive necrosis that results fro bacterial or fungal infections that develop in ares of dead, necrotic tissue (tissues become swollen, discolored and blistered)

Question 33

Crepitation

Answer 33

when accompanied by gas, wet gangrene may exhibit a crackling sound when it is touched known as this

Question 34

Clostridium perfringens

Answer 34

Tissue Gas. gram-positive endospore-forming bacterium that causes gas gangrene. Causes fermentation of carbohydrates in the tissues, releasing carbon dioxide and hydrogen gases. Toxins move through the swollen tissue causing further necrosis of neighboring tissues. Spreads through body via blood.

Question 35

Ischemic gangrene

Answer 35

dry gangrene; occurs when tissue become dehydrated if the blood supply is reduced. Tissue becomes black, dry, wrinkled and greasy to touch. Common in deaths related to diabetes.

Question 36

Physiological atrophy

Answer 36

occurs due to age or a more sedentary lifestyle

Question 37

Pathological atrophy

Answer 37

loss of stimulus to a specific region due to diminishing blood supply, paralyzation, recovery after surgery, etc.

Question 38

Types of Hypertrophy

Answer 38

physiological (body builders through weight lifting), pathological (occurs when cells have been damaged, ex: cardiac cells increasing after damage from heart attack to compensate) and compensatory (absence of disease; someone born with one kidney, the kidney will hypertrophy to compensate)

Question 39

Hyperplasia

Answer 39

increase in cell size but due to increase in number of cells present. Often occurs in unison with hypertrophy. ex: cells in the tissues of female uterus increase in number and size. can be either physiological (normal growth), compensatory (occurs after removal of liver) or pathological (mensuration).

Question 40

metaplasia

Answer 40

form of cellular adaptation in which cells regenerate after injury. one cell type is replace by another cell type that is more capable of withstanding a change in environment. Usually reversible. Changes in smokers lungs.

Question 41

Regeneration*

Answer 41

Replacement of damaged cells with identical cells

Question 42

Physiological regeneration

Answer 42

Small areas of tissue damage repaired by replacement of identical cells; Dead skin cells cover the area and protect new cells – fall away once replaced by new cells

Question 43

pathological regneration

Answer 43

Cells other than originally damaged cells replace damaged tissue; results in scar tissue. Large area of damage repaired by connective tissue under the skin reproducing and repairing
damaged skin (scar tissue). Nerves cannot be repaired because neurons don’t reproduce. However embryonic cells in nerves
can reproduce resulting in pathological regeneration of damaged nerves

Question 44

Potential causes of cellular injury

Answer 44

Hypoxia, chemical agents (drugs, air pollutants, alcohol, etc.), infectious agents, body’s own defense system (autoimmune diseases), genetic defects, nutritional imbalances, trauma, temperature, radiation, electric shock, aging.