Chapter 3 Syntax: the sentence patterns of language

Question 1

Syntax

Answer 1

The part of grammar that represents a speaker’s knowledge of sentences and their structures

Question 2

Grammatical

Answer 2

sentence is well-formed

Question 3

ungrammatical

Answer 3

sentence is ill-formed

Question 4

Syntactic categories

Answer 4

family of expression that can substitute for one another without loss of grammaticality
Phrasal, lexical, functional

Question 5

Phrasal category

Answer 5

1-Noun phrase (NP)
2- Verb phrase (VP)
3- Prepositional phrase (PP)
4- Adjectival phrase (AP)
Sentence (S) regroups them

Question 6

Lexical category

Answer 6

1- Adjective (Adj)
2-noun (N)
3-preposition (P)
4-adverb (Adv)
5-verb (V)

Question 7

Functional category

Answer 7

1- determiner (det)
2- auxiliary verb (Aux)
3-

Question 8

Structural ambiguity

Answer 8

1- grammaticality of sentences
2- word order
3- hierarchical org. of sentences
4- grammatical relations S+O
5- whether . . . ???
6- creative aspect

Question 9

Node (structure tree)

Answer 9

Dominates categories below it

Question 10

Sisters (structure tree)

Answer 10

Categories

Question 11

Deep structure

Answer 11

Closer to the meaning of the sentence (interrogation sentence)
ex: What did John eat?

Question 12

surface structure

Answer 12

Declarative sentence
ex: John ate what.

Question 13

transitive verb

Answer 13

must be followed by NP
ex: Mary caught the ball.

Question 14

intransitive

Answer 14

not followed by NP
ex: He slept, he yawns

Question 15

Ditransitive

Answer 15

2 objects complement
ex: she sent Mario a package

Question 16

Modification/adjuncts

Answer 16

Information that modifies and not crucial/essential
ex: He slept [last night] [on the floor]

Question 17

Complement

Answer 17

can’t be deleted
ex: Paul lives “in London” (complement)
Paul met Sally “in London” (adjunct)

Question 18

Types of languages

Answer 18

Word order SOV, SVO, VOS, OVS, etc (each language has their own rule)