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PSY101 > Chapter 3 Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Review all of the various components of a cell and their functions(s). See table 3.1 & fig. 3.1. also read the section entitled: Cytoplasm & its Organelles.

A

pp 52-52

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2
Q

Be able to draw a short segment of the structure of the plasma membrane.

A

Review book and notes

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3
Q

Which portion of the membrane is polar? Non-polar?

A

Phospholipids are polar (hydrophilic). Carbohydrates are non polar

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4
Q

Hydrophillic

A

Water Loving

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5
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water Hating

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6
Q

Why is the membrane represented by a “fluid-mosaic model”?

A

, the proteins within the phospholipids “sea” are not uniformly distributed and present a constantly changing mosaic pattern.

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7
Q

Why is cholesterol important for the plasma membrane?

A

Cholesterol interacts with the phospholipids to produce more stable areas of the fluid mosaic membrane

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8
Q

What is “phagocytosis”?

A

Cellular eating. Pseudopods are used to engulf the bacteria which becomes an ingested particle

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9
Q

What is Bulk Transportation?

A

Transportation of materials into a cell by endocytosis or phagocytosis, and out of a cell by excocytosis.

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10
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

Is a process in which the plasma membrane furrows inward, instead of outward

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11
Q

What is Pinocytosis?

A

Cell drinking. Invagination of the cell membrane to form narrow channels that pinch off into vacuoles

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12
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

Molecules bind to protein receptor

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13
Q

Why are phagocytosis, Bulk Transportation, Endocytosis, Pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis so important?

A

All of these process assist with the movement of molecules and ions between the intracellular and extracellular compartments through the plasma membrane.

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14
Q

In what way are cilia and flagella alike? How are they different?

A

Cilia and Flagella are both comprised of microtubules (thin tiny cylinders) in 9 + 2 formation (9 pairs of microtubules arranged around the circumference of the cilium, and a pair of microtubules in the center.
Cilia – tiny hairlike structures that project from the surface of a cell into the extracellular fluid. Two types Motile cilia (those able to move. Think rowers in a boat, found in the respiratory system and reproductive tract) and is described at a 9 + 0 arrangement because it lacks the central pair of microtubules.
Flagella are only found in sperm cells, a single whiplike structure that help propels the sperm through its environment.

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15
Q

What are microvilli? What is another term for them?

A

Folding of plasma membrane increasing surface are. Found in small intestine.

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16
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Semi fluid part of cell between the cell membrane and nucleus

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17
Q

Lysosomes

A

An organelle containing digestive enzymes that are responsible for intercellular digestion.

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18
Q

Peisomes

A

Define

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19
Q

Ribosomes

A

Organelle composed of protein and ribosomal RNA that is responsible for the translation of messenger RNA and protein synthesis.

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20
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

System of membrane enclosed cavities within the cytoplasm of the cell

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21
Q

Golgi Complex (Golgi apparatus)

A

Stacked, flattened membranous sacs within the cytoplasm of cells. Major function package proteins within vesicles that bud off from it.

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22
Q

What is a gene? Where do you find them?

A

A gene is a molecule unit of heredity in a living organism, are regions of DNA that code (through RNA) for polypeptide changes.. Genes specify all proteins and functional RNA chains, and hold the information to build and maintain an organism’s cell and pass genetic traits to offspring. DNA and RNA are found in genes. Genes are found in DNA, which is in chromosomes, which are in every cell.

23
Q

What does the term “gene expression” mean”

A

Gene expression occurs in two stages: 1st genetic transcription (synthesis of RNA) and genetic translation (synthesis of protein). This is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins, however, non-protein coding genes such as rRNA, tRNA, the product is a functional RNA.

24
Q

What are the definitions I gave you for: replications, transcriptions and translation?

A

Replications: Synthesis of DNA
Transcriptions: synthesis of RNA
Translation: Synthesis of polypeptides.

25
Q

What is the “Human Genome”?

A

The Human Genome refers to all the genes in a particular individual or all of the genes in a particular species, in this instance Humans. Currently Scientists believe that a person has approximately 25,000 different genes.

26
Q

What is chromatin? Nucleosomes?

A

Chromatin is thread like material that makes up the chromosomes. This is formed by the DNA within the cell nucleus combined with proteins. Much of the protein content of is a type known as histones. Histones proteins are positively charged and organized to form spools about which the negatively charged DNA are wond. Very active in genetic transcription (RNA Synthesis)

27
Q

What does the genetic code, code for?

A

Genetic code codes of amino acids. Genetic code is the mapping of all the 64 possible mRNA codons to their respective amino acids.

28
Q

What are “Triplets”?

A

Triplets are required for a genes to be expressed. mRNA is used to as a guide to produce a particular type of protein whose sequence of amino acids is determined by the sequence of base-triplets, also know as codons in the mRNA. Every three bases, is a code word. Pg. 69

29
Q

How many naturally occurring amino acids are there?

A

There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids.

30
Q

How many possible “code words” are there in the genetic code?

A

There are more than 100,000 possible different codes, which is accomplished by alternative splicing of axons.

31
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA? Be able to tell me the role each plays.

A

mRNA – messenger RNA contains the code for synthesis of specific proteins (carries to the RNA)
tRNA – transfer RNA brings amino acids to Ribosomes
rRNA – ribosomal RNA which from the structure of ribosome’s.

32
Q

Be able to describe the processes involved in: replication, transcription and translation. Including all of the molecules involved.

A

Review and Define

33
Q

What are “Codons” and “Anticodons”?

A

A Codon is a code word as mRNA moves through the ribosome, the sequence of Condons is translated into a sequence of specific amino acids within a growing polypeptide chain.
Anticodons, part of tRNA, are three nucleotides that are complementary to a specific codon in mRNA.

34
Q

What is “pre-messenger RNA”? What are “Introns” and “Exons”?

A

Pre-mRNA – precursor messenger RNA, alters within the nucleus to form mRNA, the excess bases are located within the pre-mRNA, pre-mRNA must be cute and spliced to make mRNA. The regions of non-coding DNA within a gene are call introns. The coding region of DNA are known as exons.

35
Q

Review the phases of the cell cycle, G1, S, G2. The Cell Cycle

A

Parts of Interphase
G1: Centrioles replicate
S: DNA replication. “S” stands for synthesis
G2: Final growth and activity before mitosis, completes interphase

36
Q

What are “oncogenes”?

A

Oncogenes are genes that contribute to cancer, these are mutate forms of normal genes, called proto-oncogenes, that are functional in normal, healthy cells. P53 is a tumor suppessor.

37
Q

What is “apoptosis”?

A

Apoptosis is cell death. (think the shedding of leaves from a tree.) There are two types of pathways that lead to this, extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic extracullar molecles called death ligands bind to receptor proteins on the plasma membrane call death receptors. Intrinsic occues in response to intracellular signals. This may be triggered by DNA damage. Both of these result in the activiation of a previously inactive cytoplasmic enzymes call caspases (“executioners”)

38
Q

Review mitosis.

A

Prophase – 2 chromosomes consits of 2 chromatids joined by a centromere, centrioles move apart towards opposite poles, spindle fibers are produced and extend from the centrosome, nuclear membrane starts to disapear, the nucleolus is no longer visible.
Metaphase – the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell, spindle fibers from each centrole are attached to the centromeres of the chromosomes, nuclear membrane disappears
Anaphase – the centromer split, and the sister chromatids separate as each is pulled to an opposite pole.
Telophase – chromosomes become longer, thinner, and less distance, new nuclear membranes form, the nucleolus reappears, and cell division is nearly complete.

39
Q

What are “telomeres”? Why might they be of some significance?

A

Located at the end of DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes, telomeres serve as caps on the end of DNA, preventing enzmes from mistaking the normal ends for broken DNA and doing damage by trying to “repair” them. They are important because they assist with cell divison/replication. (79)

40
Q

What do the terms “hypertrophy” and “hyperplasia” mean?

A

Hypertrophy – growth of a tissue or organ due to an increase in cell size.
Hyperplasia – growth that is due to an increase in cell number results from an increased rate of mitotic cell division. Most growth is due to this (e.g. a callus on the palm of the hand)

41
Q

What is the significance of a “karyotype”?

A

Karyotypes are 22 homologous pairs of autosomoal chormsomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. These are matched chromosomes called homologous chromosomes.

42
Q

Review meiosis.

A

Only occurs in the gametes (sperm cells and ova). Also known as reductions division because the daughter cells only contain 23 rather than 46 chormosomes. Each daughter cell also consists of 2 chromaties.

43
Q

Gene expression

A

Gene is active

44
Q

Gene saying

A

One gene, one polypeptide

45
Q

Chromatin

A

When cell nucleus is combined with protein

46
Q

Replication

A

Duplication of DNA

47
Q

Transcription

A

Synthesis of DNA

48
Q

Translation

A

Synthesis of a polypeptide

49
Q

Different RNA

A

Pre messenger
Messenger
Transfer
Ribosomal

50
Q

Gene

A

Section of DNA that codes for a polypeptide

51
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase of cell size

52
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase number of cells

53
Q

Karyotype

A

Picture of chromosomes during meiosis

PSY101 (8 decks)

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