Chapter 1 Study Guide

Question 1

Physiology is

Answer 1

the study of biological function of how the body works from cell to tissue, tissue, to organ, organ to system, and how organism as a whole accomplishes particular tasks essential for life. Think of mechanics and cars.

Question 2

Comparative Physiology

Answer 2

the physiology of invertebrates and of different vertebrate groups.

Question 3

Vitalism

Answer 3

the processes of life are not explicable by the laws of physics and chemistry alone and that life is in some part self-determining.

Question 4

Teleology

Answer 4

Designed with purpose in mind. Doctrine of Final Purpose.

Question 5

Two Major Theories

Answer 5

Theory of Evolution and Cell Theory

Question 6

Hypothesis

Answer 6

certain Observations regarding the natural world

Question 7

Theory

Answer 7

a well substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of knowledge that has been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment.

Question 8

In the study of physiology, the emphasis is on

Answer 8

how things in the body work together.

Question 9

Why is a hypothesis “scientific”

Answer 9

A hypothesis is scientific because experiments and tests are conducted in order to prove the validity of the hypothesis and formulate new hypothesis. It must be capable of being refuted by experiments or other observations of the natural world.

Question 10

Experimental Group:

Answer 10

The group that is subject to the testing condition.

Question 11

Control Group:

Answer 11

Another set of test subjects not tested on, this group is usually given placebos.

Question 12

What is a “blind” study vs. Double blind?

Answer 12

Blind study is a study in which the experimenter is unaware of which group is subject to which procedure.
Double blind study is an experiment designed to test the effect of a treatment or substance by using groups of experimental and control subject in which neither the subjects nor the investigators know which treatment or substance is being administered to which group.

Question 13

The scientific method always begins with an_____________ and ends with___________.

Answer 13

Begins with an observation and ends with being published

Question 14

Erasistratus:

Answer 14

father of physiology, who attempted to apply physical laws to the study of human functions.

Question 15

Galen:

Answer 15

wrote widely on the subject and was considered he supreme authority until the Renaissance.

Question 16

William Harvey

Answer 16

Demonstrated that the heart pumps blood through a closed system of vessels.

Question 17

Claude Bernard:

Answer 17

observed milieu interieur “internal environment” remains remarkably constant despite changing conditions in the external environment.

Question 18

Walter B Cannon:

Answer 18

Wrote the book called The Wisdom of the Body, coined the term homeostasis to describe this internal constancy.

Question 19

milieu interieur “internal environment”

Answer 19

“internal environment” remains remarkably constant despite changing conditions in the external environment.

Question 20

Homeostasis

Answer 20

the dynamic constancy of the internal environment, the maintenance of which is the principal function of physiological regulatory mechanisms. The concept of homeostasis provides a framework for understand most physiological processes.

Question 21

Negative Feed-back loop

Answer 21

is the response mechanism that serves to maintain the state of internal constancy, homeostasis. Effectors are activated by changes in the internal environment, and the inhibitory actions of these effectors serve to counteract these changes and maintain a state of balance. This is important because it helps regulate the body (e.g. hot – sweat, cold – shiver). Sensors detect a deviation from the set point, which then relays this info to an integrating center, which activates effectors.

Question 22

What is “dynamic constancy”

Answer 22

Homeostasis is best conceived at this. Conditions are stabilized above and below a set point.

Question 23

What is a positive feed-back loop?

Answer 23

Results in the amplification of an initial change. Positive feed-back results in “avalanche” like effects, as in the formation of blood clots.

Question 24

Intrinsic:

Answer 24

mechanisms built in the organ being regulated

Question 25

Extrinsic:

Answer 25

mechanisms outside the organ, as in regulation of an organ by the nervous and endocrine system.

Question 26

Effectors are regulated by what two control mechanisms in our body?

Answer 26

The nervous and endocrine system.

Question 27

Ligand:

Answer 27

Is a smaller molecules that chemically binds to a larger molecules, usually a protein. Oxygen, is the ligand for the heme in hemoglobin, and hormones or neurotransmitters can be the ligands for specific membrane proteins.

Question 28

Hormone:

Answer 28

a regulatory chemical produced in an endocrine glad that is secreted into the blood and carried to target cells that respond to the hormone by an alteration in their metabolism.

Question 29

Receptor protein:

Answer 29

An intracellular protein or protein fraction having a high specific affinity for binding agents known to stimulate cellular activity, such as a steroid hormone or cyclic AMP.

Question 30

Target Tissue:

Answer 30

specifically affected by the action of a hormone or other regulatory process.

Question 31

Innervate

Answer 31

to supply with nerves.

Question 32

Four Main Primary Tissues:

Answer 32

Muscle, Nervous, Epithelial, and Connective.

Question 33

Three Types of Muscles:

Answer 33

Skeletal (voluntary), Cardiac, and Smooth

Question 34

Nervous:

Answer 34

dendrites, cell body, axon, support cells

Question 35

What is Epithelial Tissue and what are the 3 main types:

Answer 35

Cover and line the body surfaces, and of glands. (exocrine glands outside secrete through ducts (lacrimal, sebaceous, apocrine (armpits), and sweat), endocrine glands inside secrete chemicals called hormones.)
Squamous – flattened
Cubodial – wide as they are tall
Columnar – taller than they are wide
Simple Membranes – only one cell layer thick
Stratified Membranes – composed of numerous layers.

Question 36

Four types of Connective Tissue:

Answer 36

Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood

Question 37

11 Organ Systems of the Body:

Answer 37

Integumentary – skin, hair nails
Nervous – brain, spinal cord, nerves
Endocrine – hormone glands e.g. pituitary, thyroid, and adrenals
Skeletal – bones, cartilages
Muscular – skeletal muscles
Circulatory – heart, blood vessels, lymphatic
Immune – bone marrow, lymphoid
Respiratory – lungs, airways
Urinary – kidneys, ureters, urethra
Digestive – mouth, stomach, intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Reproductive – gonads, external genitalia

Question 38

X Axis (the vertical line) is called? And is the _____ variable?

Answer 38

Abscissa. Independent Variable.

Question 39

Y Axis (the vertical line) is the___? And is the ______ variable?

Answer 39

Ordinate. Is the dependent variable.

Question 40

Three examples of positive feedback loop.

Answer 40

Blood clotting
Estrogen (stimulates the pituitary to secrete LH, creating a surge of LH and triggering ovulation)
Contraction of the uterus during child birth, which is stimulated by the release of oxytocin.