Chapter 3: Social Psychology

Question 1

A safety culture is paramount in any organisation. It will improve its profitability,
efficiency, flexibility and adaptability (RAeS, 2006). These can be achieved by first
____, ____ and ____ a good safety culture in the
organisation.

Answer 1

establishing, developing, maintaining

Question 2

According to Anderson (2009), a leader must stay focus on the ____, always
commit to ____, reinforce ____, show ___ and earn the ___ of his
employees.

Answer 2

priorities, excellence, core values, care, trust

Question 3

According to CAA (UK), a just culture is a ___ culture, and 99% of the time it is a _____ culture. This allows employees to report their errors without fear of punishment. As a result, organisations can learn from the errors. And it is the responsibility for employees to report their errors, otherwise they will be ____ for the
errors made.

Answer 3

fair, no blame, liable

Question 4

what are the four common phenomena seen in groups?

Answer 4

diffusion of responsibility
group polarisation
intergroup conflict
social loafing

Question 5

According to CAP715, there are four common phenomena seen in groups. _____ and _____ are more likely to happen when responsibility is not explicitly stated and when there is lack of supervision respectively.

Answer 5

diffusion of responsibility, social loafing

Question 6

According to CAP715, there are four common phenomena seen in groups. ______ and ______ are more likely to happen when there are incompatible goals and when external opinions are excluded from the decision-making.

Answer 6

Inter-group conflict, group polarisation

Question 7

According to CAP715, there are four common phenomena seen in groups. ______ and ______ are more likely to happen when there is a desire to conform to the ideas of the group and when everyone assumes that someone else will do it respectively.

Answer 7

group polarisation, diffusion of responsibility

Question 8

According to Geller (2013), ____ is critical aspect in intrinsic motivation and it is the belief by workers that they are capable to do the tasks on their own. However, it requires workers to spend the ___ and ___ to acquire the knowledge
and mastery in the subject(s).

Answer 8

self-efficacy, time, effort

Question 9

According to Geller (2013), self-motivation can be enhanced by giving workers (and
students) the perception of ____, telling them about the ____ that
drive us and allowing them the ___ to make their own decisions. And, finally,
showing them that we are all in this together.

Answer 9

competence, consequences, choice

Question 10

According to Hudson (2001), there are five different types or levels of safety culture
as appended below. A true safety culture is one that transcends the ____ level, where the ____ and ____ are fully involved in human factors and error management.

Answer 10

calculative, individual, management

Question 11

According to Hudson (2014), a ____ culture has good reporting systems and communication strategies in place. But they are not put into everyday practice. However, organisations which are able to carry them out effectively in their daily operations exhibit a ____ culture.

Answer 11

reactive, proactive

Question 12

According to Hudson (2014), the reactive and calculative safety culture is primarily
driven by _____. While the proactive and generative culture involve
____ who are also concern with safety and actively participate to enhance it.

Answer 12

management, employees

Question 13

According to Skinner (1957), _____ attempts to decrease the probability of specific
behaviours, while _____ attempts to increase desired behaviour.

Answer 13

extinction, positive reinforcement

Question 14

According to the Blue Angels, besides special training to reach peak performance, a
team needs ____ and ____ to develop.

Answer 14

common goals, time

Question 15

According to Reason (1997), an organisation that demonstrates willingness to learn
and restructure, where necessary, exhibits a ____ and ____ culture
respectively

Answer 15

learning, flexible

Question 16

According to the Royal Aeronautical Society (2006), management’s commitment to
safety is crucial and it is driven by the ____, ____ and ____ requirements.

Answer 16

legal, fiscal, social

Question 17

According the Westrum (1999), workers who exhibit “we know but we don’t care”
attitude or “we care but don’t always know” attitude towards safety indicates a
company imbued with a ____ and ____ safety culture respectively.

Answer 17

reactive, calculative

Question 18

Based on a study done by FAA in 2014, the EU and US identified four major
challenges in Human Factors Maintenance as listed below. Which of the following
challenges were common to both EU and US?

Answer 18

safety culture, workers fatigue

Question 19

Conflicts in the workplace have the potential to create safety hazards in maintenance
organisations. Which situations is most likely to cause conflicts?

Answer 19

unclear job roles and too many bosses running the organisation

Question 20

Culture at the workplace matters and it is closely link to the performance of the
company. Hence, it must be actively managed. Unfortunately, most companies
considers culture at the workplace as an afterthought. According to Edgar Schein
(2010), a leader must manage the ____ or the ____ will manage them. Leaders
must be ____ and ____ in what they want.

Answer 20

culture, culture, purposeful, clear

Question 21

For a just culture to work, there must be ____, _____ and _____ (Dekker, 2008). It implies that workers must take reasonable care to protect others from harm. Hence, workers must know their ____ and ____.

Answer 21

trust, informedness, accountability, rights, duties

Question 22

Geller (2013) suggested that the sense of ____ and _____ are crucial for moving from being independent to interdependency where we can learn from each other, and we will not be afraid to speak up or provide feedback for improvement.

Answer 22

relatedness, connection

Question 23

It is important for organisations to align their ____ and ____ with how they carry out their businesses. The culture of the workplace drives the ____ of its workers and performance of the company.

Answer 23

objectives, values, behaviour

Question 24

Peer pressure can have a tremendous impact and change a person’s behaviour. It
can be the ___ or ____ pressure that an individual feels, which causes
him/her to ____ to the expectations of the influencing group or individual.

Answer 24

actual, perceived, conform

Question 25

Reason (1997) identified the following five characteristics that make up a Safety
Culture in organisations. Taken together, these five characteristics form a culture of
___ and of ____.

Answer 25

trust, informedness

Question 26

Studies in aviation have shown that the use of monetary bonuses might lead to less ____ of safety and increase the likelihood of _____

Answer 26

consideration, risk taking

Question 27

Your company has recently developed and put in place an Employee Assistance
programme to help any staff member cope with personal difficulties. The main factor
which will contribute to the success of this programme is _____.

Answer 27

employer/employee confidentiality

Question 28

Teamwork is essential in aircraft maintenance. In what scenario best describes a successful team that is focused on reducing
maintenance errors?

Answer 28

Each member accepts that it is normal to question each other’s work and accepts feedback without becoming defensive

Question 29

According to the Blue Angels, _____ are critical for teams to achieve its mission and every member must be fully involved at all times. Communication between team members must be ____, ____ and ____.

Answer 29

shared values, clear, honest, open