Chapter 3 (Social Beliefs And Judgement) Flashcards

1
Q

Functions automatically and out of
awareness. Often called “intuition” and “gut-feeling”

A

System 1

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2
Q

The system that requires our conscious
attention and effort.

A

System 2

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3
Q

The awakening or activating of
certain associations.

A

Priming

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4
Q

They explain, “Most of a person’s
everyday life is determined not by their conscious intentions and deliberate
choices but by mental processes that are put into motion by features of
the environment and that operate outside of conscious awareness and
guidance.”

A

John Bargh and Tanya Chartrand (1999)

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5
Q

Our social cognition is ________. The
brain systems that process our bodily
sensations communicate with the brain
systems responsible for our social
thinking.

A

Embodied cognition

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6
Q

_____ is immediately knowing something
without reasoning or analysis.

A

Intuition

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7
Q

Studies of our unconscious information
processing confirm our limited access to
what’s going on in our minds.

A

Intuitive Judgements

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8
Q

We know more than we know we know.

A

Intuitive Judgements

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9
Q

Often referred to as “gut feelings,

_________ tends to arise holistically and
quickly, without awareness of the
underlying mental processing of
information.

A

Intuition

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10
Q

It is not magical but rather a faculty in
which hunches are generated by the
unconscious mind rapidly sifting through
past experience and cumulative
knowledge.

A

Intuition

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11
Q

Our ________ is partly automatic (impulsive,
effortless, without awareness) and partly
controlled (reflective, deliberate, and
conscious)

A

thinking

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12
Q

_________, intuitive thinking occurs not “onscreen”
but offscreen, out of sight, where reason does not
go.

A

Automatic

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13
Q

Types of Automatic Thinking

A
  • Schema
  • Emotional Reaction
  • Expertise
  • Snap Judgments
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14
Q

Mental concepts or templates that
intuitively guide our perceptions
and interpretations.

A

Schema

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15
Q

The range of possible responses individuals
may have to a situation, varying from
expressionless reactions to outward displays
of emotions such as shaking, frowning, and
expressing anger through words.

A

Emotional Reactions

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16
Q

Skills achieved from activities such as
work, hobbies and sports begin as a
controlled deliberate process and
gradually become automatic and
intuitive.

A

Expertise

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17
Q

Those made quickly and based on
only a few bits of information and
preconceived notions.
We can guess about something with
just a fraction of a second glance.

A

Snap Judgements

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18
Q

Having lost a portion of the visual cortex to surgery or stroke, people may be
functionally blind in part of their field of vision.

A

Blindsight

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19
Q

What system you usually use in some things such as facts, names, and past experiences, which we remember explicitly?

A

System 2

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20
Q

What system we usually use in skills and conditioned dispositions, which we remember implicitly without consciously knowing or declaring that we know.

A

System 1

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21
Q

Limits of our Intuition

A
  • “a general consensus
    that the unconscious may not be as smart as
    previously believed”

-susceptible to error-prone hindsight
judgement.
-have a capacity for illusion—for
perceptual misinterpretations, fantasies, and
constructed beliefs.

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22
Q

Tendency of people to overestimate their knowledge, abilities, or the accuracy of their
judgments.

A

Over Confidence

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23
Q

Occurs when people are more certain about something than they should be

A

Over Confidence

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24
Q

In Over Confidence, what bias provides overly narrow ranges

A

overprecision

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25
Who noted "Incompetence feeds overconfidence- It takes competence to recognize competence"
Justin Kruger and David Dunning (1999)
26
We are eager to verify our beliefs but less inclined to seek evidence that might disprove them, a phenomenon.
CONFIRMATION BIAS
27
REMEDIES FOR OVERCONFIDENCE
- Wary of other people’s dogmatic statements. - Prompt feedback - Consider Disconfirming Information
28
It is simple, efficient thinking strategies. It enables us to make routine decisions with minimal effort (Shah & Oppenheimer, 2008).
Heuristics
29
The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member.
The Representativeness Heuristic
30
It helps us make judgments about the likelihood or frequency of events based on how easily examples come to mind.
The Availability Heuristic
31
It shows that our fears are often driven by emotionally charged and vivid events, not by logical calculations of actual risk.
Probability neglect
32
This concept explains why people worry about events that are highly improbable but vividly depicted.
Probability Neglect
33
Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t.
Counterfactual thinking
34
It influences emotions such as regret, relief,frustration, and luck.
Counterfactual thinking
35
It refers to the cognitive process where people perceive connections or patterns between events, variables, or ideas when none actually exist.
Illusory thinking
36
This thinking often leads to illusory correlations
Illusory thinking
37
where we believe two things are related because they happen together in a few instances, even though they occur randomly or coincidentally
Illusory Correlations
38
In Illusory Correlation in Gambling. In this illusion, people often behave as if they can control or predict chance events, even when outcomes are random.
Illusion of Control
39
It is a statistical phenomenon where extreme outcomes are followed by outcomes that are closer to the average.
Regression toward the average
40
Our _______ infuse our _______
Our moods infuse our judgments
41
Mood and Judgments - More trusting, loving, and responsive. Positive evaluations and easier decisions.
Happy Mood
42
Mood and Judgments - More self-focused and brooding. Motivates intense, detail-oriented thinking.
Unhappy Mood
43
This research explores how mood affects memory and judgments. People’s perceptions of past events and themselves change depending on their current mood.
Joseph Forgas’s Studies
44
Our __________ guide how we perceive and interpret information.
preconceptions
45
This is where new, misleading information gets incorporated into the memory
Misinformation effect
46
Persistence of one’s initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives.
BELIEF PERSEVERANCE
47
________ can grow their own legs and survive discrediting.
Beliefs
48
People whose attitudes have changed often insist that they have always felt as much as they now feel.
RECONSTRUCTING OUR PAST ATTITUDE
49
Our memories are not exact copies of experiences that remain on deposit in a memory bank. Rather, we construct memories at the time of withdrawal.
CONSTRUCTING MEMORIES OF OURSELVES AND OUR WORLDS
50
We all have 'totalitarian egos' that revise the past to suit our present views.
RECONSTRUCTING OUR PAST BEHAVIOR
51
- mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source, incorrectly assign the cause of someone's behavior, often leading to misunderstandings
Misattribution
52
We endlessly analyze and discuss why things happen as they do, especially when we experience something negative or unexpected
Attributing Causality
53
The theory of how people explain others’ behavior —for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions (enduring traits, motives, and attitudes) or to external situations
Attribution theory
54
Pioneer of Attribution theory
Fritz Heider (1958)
55
Attributing behavior to the person’s disposition and traits.
Dispositional attribution
56
Attributing behavior to the environment.
Situational attribution
57
An effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone’s behavior.
Spontaneous Trait Inference
58
The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others
Fundamental Attribution Error
59
Attribution theorists have pointed out that we observe others from a different perspective than we observe ourselves.
Perspective and Situational Awareness
60
Cultures also influence attribution error
Cultural Differences
61
WHY WE STUDY ATTRIBUTION ERRORS
1. It explains some foibles and fallacies in our social thinking. 2. For focusing on thinking biases such as the fundamental attribution error is humanitarian. 3. For focusing on biases is that we are mostly unaware of them and can benefit from greater awareness.
62
How do our Social Beliefs Matter?
They influence how we feel and act, and by doing so may help generate their own reality.
63
Research participants sometimes live up to what they believe experimenters expect of them.
Experimenter Bias
64
Beliefs that lead to their own fulfillment. When our ideas lead us to act in ways that produce their apparent confirmation
Self-fulfilling Prophecies
65
Studies of experimenter bias and teacher expectations show that an erroneous belief that certain people are unusually capable (or incapable) can lead teachers and researchers to give those people special treatment.
Teacher Expectations and Student Performance
66
This may elicit superior (or inferior) performance and, therefore, seem to confirm an assumption that is actually false.
Teacher Expectations and Student Performance
67
Sometimes _________ color our personal relationships
self-fulfilling prophecies
68
If this once formed, erroneous beliefs about the social world can induce others to confirm those beliefs.
Behavioral Confirmation
69
It occurs as people interact with partners holding mistaken beliefs.
Behavioral confirmation
70
_______ one thought, even without awareness, can influence another thought, or even an action.
Priming
71
where our default reaction is to look for information consistent with our presupposition.
System 1 snap judgment
72
helps explain why our selfimages are so remarkably stable
Confirmation bias
73
This can distort our perception of reality, leading us to focus on highly improbable but emotionally charged events, while neglecting more common, but less attention-grabbing risks.
Availability Heuristics