Chapter 3 (Social Beliefs And Judgement) Flashcards
Functions automatically and out of
awareness. Often called “intuition” and “gut-feeling”
System 1
The system that requires our conscious
attention and effort.
System 2
The awakening or activating of
certain associations.
Priming
They explain, “Most of a person’s
everyday life is determined not by their conscious intentions and deliberate
choices but by mental processes that are put into motion by features of
the environment and that operate outside of conscious awareness and
guidance.”
John Bargh and Tanya Chartrand (1999)
Our social cognition is ________. The
brain systems that process our bodily
sensations communicate with the brain
systems responsible for our social
thinking.
Embodied cognition
_____ is immediately knowing something
without reasoning or analysis.
Intuition
Studies of our unconscious information
processing confirm our limited access to
what’s going on in our minds.
Intuitive Judgements
We know more than we know we know.
Intuitive Judgements
Often referred to as “gut feelings,
”
_________ tends to arise holistically and
quickly, without awareness of the
underlying mental processing of
information.
Intuition
It is not magical but rather a faculty in
which hunches are generated by the
unconscious mind rapidly sifting through
past experience and cumulative
knowledge.
Intuition
Our ________ is partly automatic (impulsive,
effortless, without awareness) and partly
controlled (reflective, deliberate, and
conscious)
thinking
_________, intuitive thinking occurs not “onscreen”
but offscreen, out of sight, where reason does not
go.
Automatic
Types of Automatic Thinking
- Schema
- Emotional Reaction
- Expertise
- Snap Judgments
Mental concepts or templates that
intuitively guide our perceptions
and interpretations.
Schema
The range of possible responses individuals
may have to a situation, varying from
expressionless reactions to outward displays
of emotions such as shaking, frowning, and
expressing anger through words.
Emotional Reactions
Skills achieved from activities such as
work, hobbies and sports begin as a
controlled deliberate process and
gradually become automatic and
intuitive.
Expertise
Those made quickly and based on
only a few bits of information and
preconceived notions.
We can guess about something with
just a fraction of a second glance.
Snap Judgements
Having lost a portion of the visual cortex to surgery or stroke, people may be
functionally blind in part of their field of vision.
Blindsight
What system you usually use in some things such as facts, names, and past experiences, which we remember explicitly?
System 2
What system we usually use in skills and conditioned dispositions, which we remember implicitly without consciously knowing or declaring that we know.
System 1
Limits of our Intuition
- “a general consensus
that the unconscious may not be as smart as
previously believed”
-susceptible to error-prone hindsight
judgement.
-have a capacity for illusion—for
perceptual misinterpretations, fantasies, and
constructed beliefs.
Tendency of people to overestimate their knowledge, abilities, or the accuracy of their
judgments.
Over Confidence
Occurs when people are more certain about something than they should be
Over Confidence
In Over Confidence, what bias provides overly narrow ranges
overprecision
Who noted “Incompetence feeds overconfidence- It takes competence to recognize competence”
Justin Kruger and David Dunning (1999)
We are eager to verify our beliefs but less inclined to seek evidence that might disprove them, a phenomenon.
CONFIRMATION BIAS
REMEDIES FOR OVERCONFIDENCE
- Wary of other people’s dogmatic statements.
- Prompt feedback
- Consider Disconfirming Information
It is simple, efficient thinking strategies. It enables us to make routine decisions with minimal effort (Shah & Oppenheimer, 2008).
Heuristics
The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that
someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling
(representing) a typical member.
The Representativeness Heuristic
