Chapter 12: Helping

Question 1

A motive to increase another’s
welfare without conscious regard for
one’s self-interests.

Answer 1

Altruism

Question 2

The theory that human interactions
are
transactions
that
aim
to
maximize
one’s
rewards
and
minimize one’s costs.

Answer 2

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY

Question 3

When
businesses
donate
money to improve their corporate
images or when someone offers a
ride hoping to receive appreciation
or friendship, the reward ________.

Answer 3

External Reward

Question 4

We also need to consider internal
factors,
such
as
the
helper’s
emotional state or personal traits

Answer 4

Internal Rewards

Question 5

Distress is not the only negative
emotion we act to reduce.
Throughout recorded history, _____
has been a painful emotion that
people avoid and seek to relieve.

Answer 5

Guilt

Question 6

occurs with people whose attention is on
others.

Answer 6

FEEL-BAD/DO-GOOD SCENARIO

Question 7

This effect occurs with both children
and adults, regardless of whether
the good mood comes from a
success,
from
thinking
happy
thoughts, or from any of several
other positive experiences

Answer 7

FEEL GOOD, DO GOOD

Question 8

We help others not because we
have calculated consciously that
such behavior is in our self-interest
but because of a subtler form of
self-interest

Answer 8

Social Norms

Question 9

Two social norms that motivate altruism:

Answer 9

1. Reciprocity Norm
2. Social-Responsibility Norm

Question 10

An expectation that people will help,
not hurt, those who have helped
them.

Answer 10

Reciprocity Norm

Question 11

the mutual support
and cooperation enabled by a social
network.

Answer 11

Social Capital

Question 12

An expectation that people will help
those needing help.

Answer 12

Social-Responsibility Norm

Question 13

Another explanation of helping. Contends that
life’s essence is gene survival.

Answer 13

Evolutionary Psychology

Question 14

Evolutionary theory assumes the following
types of helping:

Answer 14

1. Kin Selection
2. Direct Reciprocity
3. Indirect Reciprocity
4. Group Selection

Question 15

If you carry my
genes, I’ll favor you.

Answer 15

Kin Selection

Question 16

We scratch each
other’s backs

Answer 16

Direct Reciprocity

Question 17

I’ll scratch your
back, you scratch someone’s, and
someonE will scratch mine

Answer 17

Indirect Reciprocity

Question 18

Back-scratching
groups survive.

Answer 18

Group Selection

Question 19

our willingness to help is influenced by
self-serving and selfless considerations.

Answer 19

Genuine Altruism

Question 20

Social psychologists were curious and
concerned about ______. So
they undertook experiments to identify
when people will help in an emergency.

Answer 20

Bystanders’ Inaction

Question 21

Tumutukoy sa tendency of people to help someone if whether your alone or with people around

Answer 21

Number of Bystanders

Question 22

Only one path up the tree leads to helping

Answer 22

Noticing: Latané and Darley’s Decision Tree

Question 23

When faced with ambiguous situations,
people often rely on others’ behavior to
interpret the reality, a phenomenon
known as______.

Answer 23

Informational Influence

Question 24

the belief
that our emotions, such as worry,
are more visible to others than they
actually are.

Answer 24

Illusion of Transparency

Question 25

where
everyone assumes others are calm
and unbothered, despite personal
concern.

Answer 25

Pluralistic Ignorance

Question 26

The finding that a person is less likely to
provide help when there are other
bystanders.

Answer 26

Bystander effect

Question 27

Time pressures

Answer 27

Time pressures

Question 28

What are the internal influences?

Answer 28

1. Guilt
2. Mood

Question 29

What are the external influences?

Answer 29

1. Social norms
2. Number of bystanders
3. Time pressures
4. Similarity

Question 30

Teaching moral inclusion.

Answer 30

1. Moral inclusion
2. Moral exclusion

Question 31

Is regarding others
as within one’s circle of moral
concern.

Answer 31

Moral Inclusion

Question 32

The perception of
certain individuals or groups as
outside the boundary within which
one applies moral values and rules
of fairness

Answer 32

Moral exclusion

Question 33

Modeling altruism:

Answer 33

1. Real-life modeling
2. Media modeling
3. Learning by doing

Question 34

The result of bribing people to do
what they already like doing; they
may then see their actions as
externally
controlled rather than
intrinsically appealing.

Answer 34

Overjustification Effect