Chapter 12: Helping Flashcards
A motive to increase another’s
welfare without conscious regard for
one’s self-interests.
Altruism
The theory that human interactions
are
transactions
that
aim
to
maximize
one’s
rewards
and
minimize one’s costs.
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
When
businesses
donate
money to improve their corporate
images or when someone offers a
ride hoping to receive appreciation
or friendship, the reward ________.
External Reward
We also need to consider internal
factors,
such
as
the
helper’s
emotional state or personal traits
Internal Rewards
Distress is not the only negative
emotion we act to reduce.
Throughout recorded history, _____
has been a painful emotion that
people avoid and seek to relieve.
Guilt
occurs with people whose attention is on
others.
FEEL-BAD/DO-GOOD SCENARIO
This effect occurs with both children
and adults, regardless of whether
the good mood comes from a
success,
from
thinking
happy
thoughts, or from any of several
other positive experiences
FEEL GOOD, DO GOOD
We help others not because we
have calculated consciously that
such behavior is in our self-interest
but because of a subtler form of
self-interest
Social Norms
Two social norms that motivate altruism:
- Reciprocity Norm
- Social-Responsibility Norm
An expectation that people will help,
not hurt, those who have helped
them.
Reciprocity Norm
the mutual support
and cooperation enabled by a social
network.
Social Capital
An expectation that people will help
those needing help.
Social-Responsibility Norm
Another explanation of helping. Contends that
life’s essence is gene survival.
Evolutionary Psychology
Evolutionary theory assumes the following
types of helping:
- Kin Selection
- Direct Reciprocity
- Indirect Reciprocity
- Group Selection
If you carry my
genes, I’ll favor you.
Kin Selection
We scratch each
other’s backs
Direct Reciprocity
I’ll scratch your
back, you scratch someone’s, and
someonE will scratch mine
Indirect Reciprocity
Back-scratching
groups survive.
Group Selection
our willingness to help is influenced by
self-serving and selfless considerations.
Genuine Altruism
Social psychologists were curious and
concerned about ______. So
they undertook experiments to identify
when people will help in an emergency.
Bystanders’ Inaction
Tumutukoy sa tendency of people to help someone if whether your alone or with people around
Number of Bystanders
Only one path up the tree leads to helping
Noticing: Latané and Darley’s Decision Tree
When faced with ambiguous situations,
people often rely on others’ behavior to
interpret the reality, a phenomenon
known as______.
Informational Influence
the belief
that our emotions, such as worry,
are more visible to others than they
actually are.
Illusion of Transparency
where
everyone assumes others are calm
and unbothered, despite personal
concern.
Pluralistic Ignorance
The finding that a person is less likely to
provide help when there are other
bystanders.
Bystander effect
Time pressures
Time pressures
What are the internal influences?
- Guilt
- Mood
What are the external influences?
- Social norms
- Number of bystanders
- Time pressures
- Similarity
Teaching moral inclusion.
- Moral inclusion
- Moral exclusion
Is regarding others
as within one’s circle of moral
concern.
Moral Inclusion
The perception of
certain individuals or groups as
outside the boundary within which
one applies moral values and rules
of fairness
Moral exclusion
Modeling altruism:
- Real-life modeling
- Media modeling
- Learning by doing
The result of bribing people to do
what they already like doing; they
may then see their actions as
externally
controlled rather than
intrinsically appealing.
Overjustification Effect
