chapter 3 skeletal system Flashcards
ankyl/o
crooked, bent, stiff
arthro/o
joint
burs/o
bursa
chondri/i, chondro/o
cartilage
cost/o
rib
crani/o
skull
-desis
to bind, tie together
kyph/o
bent, hump
lord/o
curve, swayback, bent
-lysis
loosening or setting free
myel/o
spinal cord, bone marrow
oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o
bone
scoli/o
curved, bent
spondyl/o
vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone
synovi/o, synov/o
synovial membrane, synovial fluid
Ossification
The normal process of bone formation
Osteoclasts
break down old or damaged bone
Osteoblasts
helps rebuild bone
Periosteum
The tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone.
Hemopoietic
Pertaining to the formation of blood cells
Manubrium
The bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum.
Matacarpals
The five bones that form the palms of the hand.
Vertebrae
There are 26 vertebrae that make up the spinal column.
Acetabulum:
Also known as the hip socket, is the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint.
Malleolus
A rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint.
Metatarsals
Form that part of the foot to which the toes are attached.
Orthopedic surgeon
Also known as an orthopedist, is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles.
Podiatrist
Holds a Doctor of Podiatry (DP) or Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot.
Chondromalacia
The abnormal softening of cartilage.
Costochondritis
An inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum.
Hallux valgus
Also known as a bunion, is an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe.
Hemarthrosis
Blood within a joint. This condition is frequently due to a joint injury. It also can occur spontaneously in patients taking blood-thinning medications or those having a blood clotting disorder such as hemophilia.
Polymyalgia rheumatica
An inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs. Rheumatica is the Latin word for rheumatism an obsolete term for arthritis.
Subluxation
The partial displacement of a bone from its joint.
Osteoarthritis
Also known as wear and tear arthritis, is most commonly associated with aging.
Spondylosis
Also known as spinal osteoarthritis. This degenerative disorder can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function.
Gout
Also known as gouty arthritis, is a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints, usually beginning with the big toe. Joints affected by gout are typically war, red, and excruciatingly sensitive.
Rheumatoid arthritis
A chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked.
Ankylosing spondylitis
A form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae.
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
An autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 years or younger, with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue. Many children with JRA outgrow it.
Lumbago
Also known as low back pain, is pain of the lumbar region of the spine.
Spondylolisthesis
The forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it.
Spina bifida
A congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it.
Kyphosis
An abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side. Also known as humpback or dowager’s hump. Associated with aging.
Lordosis
An abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine. Also known as swayback.
Scoliosis
An abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine.
Avascular necrosis
Also known as osteonecrosis, is an area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow. It most commonly occurs in the hip joint, and often requires a hip replacement.
Craniostenosis
A malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures.
Osteitis
An inflammation of a bone.
Osteomalacia .
Also known as adult rickets, is abnormal softening of bones in adults usually caused by deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, and/or phosphate
Osteomyelitis
An inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone. The bacterial infection that causes osteomyelitis often originates in another part of the body and spreads to the bone via the blood.
Paget’s disease
A chronic bone disease of unknown cause named for Sir James Paget. The condition is characterized by the abnormal breakdown of bone, usually in the pelvis, skull, spine and legs, followed by abnormal bone formation. The new bone is often structurally enlarged, misshapen and weak.
Periostitis
An inflammation of the periosteum. This condition is often associated with shin splints.
Rickets
A deficiency disease occurring in children. This condition is characterized by defective bone growth resulting from a lack of vitamin D.
Myeloma
A type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow. This condition can cause pathologic fractures and is often fatal.
Osteochondroma
A benign bony projection covered with cartilage.
Osteoporosis
A marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging.
Osteopenia
Thinner than average bone density. This term is used to describe the condition of someone who does not yet have osteoporosis but has a great than average chance of developing it.
Compression fracture
Also known as a vertebral crush fracture, occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself. Can be spontaneous or due to injury. Causes dowager’s hump.
Osteoporotic hip fracture
Also known as a broken hip, is usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall.
Open fracture
Also known as a compound fracture, is one in which the bone is broken and here is an open wound in the skin.
Comminuted fracture
The bone is splintered or crushed. Comminuted means crushed into small pieces.
Pathologic fracture
Occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain.
Spiral fracture
A fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart. This type of fracture occurs as the result of a severe twisting motion such as in a sports injury.
Crepitation
Also known as crepitus, is the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together. This term refers to any unusual crackling sound or sensation within the body. It is frequently used to describe the popping or clicking sound heard in the movements of some joints.
Arthroscopy
The visual examination of the internal structure of a joint using an arthroscope.
Dual x-ray absorptiometry (ab-sorp-shee-OM-eh-tree)
A low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density. The test produces more accurate results than ultrasonic bone density testing.
Allogenic:
originating with another
Autologous
Originating within an individual
Orthotic
A mechanical appliance, such as a shoe insert, leg brace, or a splint, which is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function.
Prosthesis
A substitute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated
Arthrodesis
Also known as surgical ankyloses, is the surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder. This procedure is performed to treat severe arthritis or a damaged joint.
Arthrolysis
surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint.
Synovectomy
The surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint. One use of this procedure, which can be performed endoscopically, is to repair joint damage caused by rheumatoid arthritis.
Percutaneous vertebroplasty
Performed to treat osteoporosis related compression fractures. In this minimally invasive procedure, bone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column.
Laminectomy
The surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra.
Osteoclasis
The surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity.
Osteorrhaphy
The surgical suturing or wiring together, of bones.
Internal fixation
Also known as open reduction internal fixation, is a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place. This form of fixation is not usually removed after the fracture has healed.
