chapter 3: skeletal system

Question 1

what is bone

Answer 1

hard tissue due to its density and rigidity

Question 2

what is bone made of

Answer 2

calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate , proteins, water, and other small amounts of minerals
- main storage of calcium in the body

Question 3

axial skeleton

Answer 3

skull, ribs, and spinal column

Question 4

appendicular skeleton

Answer 4

arms and legs

Question 5

long bone

Answer 5

long in shape, bony protrusions on the ends, slender middle section
- primarily in appendicular skeleton
- provide structure and lever system for movement

Question 6

short bone

Answer 6

smaller irregular shaped with rounded edges
- typically articulate with more than 1 other bone
- allow for forces to be transmitted through the joint to absorb forces

Question 7

flat bones

Answer 7

flat in shape with broad, curved surfaces
- shapes vary quite a bit but still overall flat
- mainly attachment sites for muscles, tendons, and ligaments

Question 8

irregular bone

Answer 8

unique shape and functions

Question 9

sesamoid bones

Answer 9

usually small and rounded

Question 10

synarthrodial joints

Answer 10

least mobile and most stable. once a person reaches adolescence, fuse and become immovable
- primary function is stability
ex: skull plate, teeth, epiphyseal plate

Question 11

amphiarthrodial joint

Answer 11

slight movement available in order to absorb shock and transmit forces, very stable
ex: tibiofibular joint
- pubic symphysis
- vertebrae
- rib connection to sternum

Question 12

diarthrodial joints

Answer 12

most mobile and least stable of joints.&raquo_space;> synovial joints due to joint capsule containing synovial fluid allowing for lubrication, nutrients, and waste removal.

Question 13

endochondral ossification

Answer 13

process that leads to bone formation from cartilage, full bone formation does not occur until about age 20, leads to lamellar bone

Question 14

intermembranous ossification

Answer 14

bone formation from embryonic membrane rather than cartilage, starts with haphazard bone cells: “woven bone”.
ex: flat bones

Question 15

articular cartilage

Answer 15

found on articulating surfaces: joints, found at the epiphyses of long bones, purpose is to help joints move smoothly and absorb shock and sheer
- no direct blood supply, does not regenerate

Question 16

fibrocartilage

Answer 16

very dense and provides structural support to joints, increases surface area of bones

Question 17

ligaments

Answer 17

dense connective tissue
connect bone to bone
ex: acl

Question 18

tendons

Answer 18

dense connective tissue with more stretch than ligaments
connect muscle to bone
extension of muscle tissue coverings

Question 19

fascia

Answer 19

fibrous connective tissue that does not flex much, hold other soft tissues together

Question 20

synovial joint capsule

Answer 20

only found in synovial joints
contains synovial fluid providing stability and cushion for joint
movement varies based on collagen and elastin

Question 21

spongy bone

Answer 21

cancellous bone: porous and allows bone to be a bit flexible, usually in axial and pelvis regions, on the inside of bone

Question 22

compact bone

Answer 22

cortical bone: very dense and forms the outer layer of bone, takes stress

Question 23

osteoprogenitor

Answer 23

bone stem cells, 1st process

Question 24

osteoblast

Answer 24

actual formation of bone

Question 25

osteocyte

Answer 25

actual bone cell structure

Question 26

osteoclast

Answer 26

breakdown of bone

Question 27

wolff's law

Answer 27

once epiphyseal plate closes the bone will no longer lengthen, always remodeling and repairing themselves, typically remodels anywhere from 3 to 6 months

Question 28

bone markings

Answer 28

helps understand the attachment types and sites 2 types: processes and cavities

Question 29

function of bone

Answer 29

lever system, attachment, protection, mineral homeostasis and storage, hematopoiesis