Chapter 13 Ankle and Foot

Question 1

most common injury in sports

Answer 1

ankle sprains, 15%, female athletes have more

Question 2

Bones in the foot

Answer 2

28 total
Rear Foot: 2 tarsal bones, the talus, the calcaneus
Mid foot: 5 tarsal bones, navicular, 3 cuneiform, cuboid
Forefoot: 21 bones, 5 metatarsals, 5 prox phalanges, 4 middle phalanges, 5 distal phalanges, 2 sesamoid

Question 3

Tibia

Answer 3

bigger bone in lower leg
- medial malleolus: attachment site
- tibial platform: articulates with talus to form medial portion of talocrural joint, primary weight bearing surface
- fibular notch: where the fibula fits into

Question 4

Fibula

Answer 4

long bone on lateral side of lower leg
- only bears about 10% of weight
- function is attachment sites for ligament and muscles
- commonly broken with lateral ankle sprains
- can heal on its own without pain for everyday activities

Question 5

fibula landmarks

Answer 5

lateral malleolus: attachment for many ligaments and tendons
> most common ankle injury is anterior talofibular ligament
malleolar fossa: ligament attachment site
> posterior talofibular ligament

Question 6

Talus

Answer 6

most superior bone of the foot and ankle
- no muscle or tendon attachments
- acts similar to a ball bearing
- part of ankle and foot
3rd piece of talocrural joint
- attaches with calcaneus to form subtalar joint

Question 7

True ankle joint (talocrural joint)

Answer 7

3 bones: tibia, fibula, talus
movements: dorsiflexion & plantarflexion
- sagittal plane
- mediolateral axis

Question 8

the calcaneus

Answer 8

largest of tarsal bones and supports most of the body weight
- articulates with talus to form subtalar joint
- attachment site for achillies tendon
- bony prominence on back of foot

Question 9

calcaneus issues

Answer 9

bone spurs: reaction to stress and inflammation from plantar fasciitis
- body responds by building extra bone

Question 10

subtalar joint

Answer 10

bones: talus & calcaneus
movements: inversion & eversion

Question 11

tarsal bones

Answer 11

navicular, cuneiform, and cuboid
- allow for just enough movement to dissipate forces
- changes shape of arch in reaction to force

Question 12

toes

Answer 12

5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges
- all considered long bones

Question 13

talonavicular joint

Answer 13

• talus and navicular
• acts like a ball and socket joint and on medial portion of the foot

Question 14

calcaneocuboid joint

Answer 14

• calcaneus and cuboid
• similar to talonavicular but much more stable

Question 15

arch of foot

Answer 15

longitudinal arch is supported by plantar fascia
- strong band of connective tissue
- helps maintain shape
- acts like rubber band
- stretches when kinetic and boosts with propulsion
- known as windlass effect

Question 16

windlass test

Answer 16

way to test for plantar fasciitis
- different than the windlass effect

Question 17

pes planus

Answer 17

Flat Foot
- higher risk of developing arch pain
- can also develop later in life (fallen arch)
> people who spend a lot of time on their feet with little to no arch support

Question 18

pes cavus

Answer 18

• High arch
• higher risk of ankle sprains

Question 19

plantar fasciitis

Answer 19

• inflammation of plantar fascia
• caused by shoes, foot structure, overuse
• treated with stretching, medications, and icing

Question 20

dorsiflexion muscles

Answer 20

• extensor digitorum longus
• extensor hallucis longus
• peroneus tertius
• tibialis anterior

Question 21

plantarflexion muscles

Answer 21

flexor digitorum longus
flexor hallucis longus
gastrocnemius
peroneus brevis
peroneus longus
plantaris
soleus
tibialis posterior