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Science 9 > Chapter 3: Sexual Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Sexual Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The process that produces gametes. There are two parts of meiosis: meiosis I and meiosis II. It results in four haploid cells.

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2
Q

What are haploid cells?

A

Cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent. Haploid is symbolized as “n”.

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3
Q

What are diploid cells?

A

Cells with a complete set of chromosomes. Diploid is symbolized as “2n”.

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4
Q

What are homologous pairs?

A

Chromosomes that correspond to each other in pairs. Both chromosomes consist of genes with the same function (ex. for eye colour) in the same location. Each homologous chromosome has half the chromosomes from a parent.

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5
Q

What is meiosis I?

A

The first part of meiosis. The stages are the same as meiosis, except for metaphase and anaphase. In metaphase, the sister chromatids line up along the equator of the cell. In anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles. It results in two diploid daughter cells.

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6
Q

What is meiosis II?

A

The second stage of meiosis. In it, the sister chromatids in the two daughter cells line up at the equator, They are then pulled apart to opposite poles. The nuclear membranes form and then cytokinesis occurs.

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7
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The fusion of a sperm and egg. It results in a zygote.

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8
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The first cell of an organism, created after fertilization. They divide to increase in size. Zygotes are diploid.

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9
Q

What is an allele?

A

A different form of the same gene.

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10
Q

How is diversity among offspring created?

A

Homologous chromosomes might have slightly different genes from one another. One chromosome might contain two different alleles: one for a widow’s peak, one for a straight hairline.

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11
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

An allele that will express its trait if present. The dominant allele will be expressed over the recessive allele.

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12
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

An allele that will only be expressed if both chromosomes contain it. The recessive allele will not be expressed if there is a dominant allele.

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13
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

When two different alleles produce a mixture of the traits. Each parent has only contributed one of its two alleles in its gamete.

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14
Q

What is codominance?

A

When both traits are expressed in one individual. Each parent has only contributed one of its two alleles in its gamete.

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15
Q

What are some advantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • Offspring are all genetically different from the parent and each other. They can adapt to changes in the environment, due to small differences. In the case of something species threatening, there will be a few individuals who can fight it. They will reproduce and their ability to fight will be passed on.
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16
Q

What are some disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • An individual needs to find a mate to reproduce. Without a mate, offspring cannot be produced.
  • It to produce fewer offspring
  • It takes a larger amount of time. Most organisms have to grow and develop before they can reproduce sexually.
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17
Q

What are some advantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • If a parent does well in an environment, so will the offspring.
  • There is no mate required to reproduce, so many offspring can be produced in a short time.
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18
Q

What are some disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • If the environment changes, all the organisms will be affected in the same way, as they are genetically identical.
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19
Q

What is conjugation?

A

When two unicellular organisms transfer or exchange some of their genetic material. One organism copies their info and then forms a mating bridge. The copied material is transferred to the other cell, and they both separate. Some bacteria, and certain protists undergo conjugation.

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20
Q

What is a hermaphrodite?

A

An organism that produces both male and female sex cells in the same individual. (Ex. earthworms, sponges, and barnacles).

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21
Q

What are the reproductive organs of a flower?

A

There are two parts: the stamen (male) and the pistil (female). There are usually several stamen on one flower.

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22
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Body cells. They reproduce by cell division and make up the vast majority of an organism’s cells.

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23
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells that contain half the number of chromosomes than the parent. Male gametes are sperm and female gametes are eggs.

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23
Q

What is the filament (flower)?

A

The bottom of the stamen. It’s the stalk that supports the anther.

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24
Q

What is the anther (flower)?

A

The top of the stamen. It produces pollen.

25
Q

What is pollen (flower)?

A

Grains that contain male gametes.

26
Q

What is the stigma (flower)?

A

The top of the pistol. It receives the pollen grains, which will travel down to the ovary.

27
Q

What is the style (flower)?

A

The middle of the pistil. It is a tube like structure that pollen travels down.

28
Q

What is the ovary (flower)?

A

The bottom of the pistil. It is where eggs are contained.

29
Q

What are petals (flower)?

A

Coloured leaf-like structures of most flowers. Pollinators are attracted to them.

30
Q

What are sepals (flower)?

A

Tiny leaf-like structures that protect the flower while it is in the bud stage.

31
Q

What is pollination?

A

The process in which pollen is moved from the male structure to the female structure of a plant.

32
Q

What is cross-pollination?

A

When pollen is moved by wind, insects, birds, or mammals.

33
Q

What is self-pollination?

A

When plants pollinate themselves. The pollen of a flower can pollinate other flowers on the same plant.

34
Q

What is external fertilization?

A

When the sperm and the eggs unite outside the body. Thousands of eggs and sperm are produced to ensure fertilization. This happens in aquatic animals.

36
Q

What is internal fertilization?

A

When the sperm and egg unite inside the female. The male deposits the sperm inside the body of the female. This happens in sharks and most terrestrial animals, which have specialized reproductive structures.

37
Q

What is an embryo?

A

The developing organism after a zygote divides.

38
Q

What are seeds?

A

Eggs that have been fertilized in the ovary of a flower. They contain the embryos as well as stored food (starch or sugar).

39
Q

What are cotyledons?

A

Seed leaves that contain food. Monocotyledons are plants that produce seeds with one seed leaf (ex. corn), and dicotyledons are plants that produce seeds with two seed leaves (ex, beans).

40
Q

What is germination?

A

The growing of a seed.

41
Q

What is the endosperm?

A

It supplies food for a corn seed.

42
Q

What is the radicle?

A

A part of the embryo that will develop into the roots.

43
Q

What is the epicotyl?

A

A part of the embryo that becomes the stem and leaves.

44
Q

What is the hypocotyl?

A

A part of the bean embryo that pushes up through the soil and protects it.

45
Q

What are the three types of eggs?

A
  1. soft shell - sea turtles
  2. jelly-like substance - frogs
  3. egg case - tapeworms
46
Q

What is the amnion?

A

A fluid filled sac that contains the embryo.

47
Q

What is the yolk sac?

A

It contains and stores food for the embryo.

48
Q

What is the allantois?

A

It holds wastes produced by the embryo.

49
Q

What is the chorion?

A

It controls the movement of gases and wastes in and out of the egg, like the allantois.

50
Q

What is the albumen?

A

Along with the amnion, it cushions the embryo and is an additional source of food.,

51
Q

What are some examples of parental care for eggs?

A
  • birds keeps their eggs warm by insulating or sitting on them.
  • sea turtles dig holes in the sand, where they lay the eggs and then leave. The hatchlings must dig their way to the surface and crawl to the ocean when they hatch.
  • parasitic tapeworms release their eggs form their egg cases into the feces of animals in the grass. The eggs are protected from drying out but are eaten, before they travel up the intestines of an animal.
52
Q

What are monotremes?

A

Mammals that lay eggs. There are only three living species; the duckbill platypus, and two species of the spiny anteater.

53
Q

What are marsupials?

A

Animals whose embryos do not develop in the mother’s uterus for long. The offspring are born very tiny and mature, and they have to climb through the birth canal to a mammary gland in the pouch. After they mature, they leave the pouch but return for feeding and maturity.

54
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

When two plants or animals of the same species are bred together, because of their desirable traits. Their offspring is then bred with other individuals with the same traits. Throughout time, all the offspring will be desirable. (ex. cattle: for quality and quantity meat, canola: for quality of canola oil).

55
Q

What is vegetative reproduction?

A

A process that involves growers taking cuttings of plants and growing new ones from them. Scientists can also remove individual cells from plants and grow them in Petri dishes that contain nutrients and growth hormones.

56
Q

What is grafting?

A

Another technique of vegetative reproduction, in which a branch is attached to a trunk of a different tree that has desirable qualities. The bark of both parts eventually fuse together, and the tree grows and produces fruit.

57
Q

What is artificial insemination (agriculture)?

A

The process in which a veterinarian collects sperm from a male animal and freezes it so it can be transported to and inserted into a female.

58
Q

What is in vitro fertilization (agriculture)?

A

When sperm and mature eggs are collected and put into a Petri dish. Fertilization occurs in a lab, and the embryos that are produced are inserted into surrogate mothers of the same species. *In vitro means “in glass”

59
Q

What are hatcheries?

A

Places that collect fish sperm and eggs in a container to increase the number of eggs being fertilized. The fertilized eggs are incubated and have a constant supply of cold running water. They are released after they hatch.

60
Q

What is recombinant DNA technology?

A

It includes combining genes from different individuals or species into a single molecule of DNA. Companies use this to produce certain traits or substances from organisms. This process is most often used in bacteria.

61
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

When organisms have their genes intentionally altered. This produces genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Many crops have been modified to resist spoilage or disease, to delay ripening, or to improve their nutritional content.

Science 9 (8 decks)

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