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Bio Psych Midterms > Chapter 3: Sensory & Motor Systems - Hearing, Touch, Smell, and Taste > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Sensory & Motor Systems - Hearing, Touch, Smell, and Taste Flashcards

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1
Q

The sense of hearing.

A

Audition.

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2
Q

The height of a periodic curve measured on its vertical axis.

A

Amplitude.

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3
Q

The number of cycles of a periodic wave per unit of time.

A

Frequency.

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4
Q

A unit used to express a difference in intensity between two sounds.

A

Decibel (dB).

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5
Q

A unit of sound frequency equal to one cycle per second.

A

Hertz (Hz).

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6
Q

The quality of a sound that distinguishes it from other sounds of the same pitch and volume.

A

Timbre.

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7
Q

Sound at frequencies above the range of human hearing, or higher than about 20000 Hz.

A

Ultrasound.

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8
Q

Sound at frequencies below the range of human hearing, or lower than about 20 Hz.

A

Infrasound.

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9
Q

The components that make up the ear are generally divided into three (3) parts.

A
  1. The Outer Ear
  2. The Middle Ear
  3. The Inner Ear
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10
Q

The visible part of the outer ear.

A

Pinna.

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11
Q

A tube-shaped structure in the outer ear that leads to the tympanic membrane.

A

Auditory canal.

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12
Q

This forms the boundary between the outer ear and middle ear.

A

Tympanic membrane (eardrum).

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13
Q

A membrane that forms the boundary between the middle and inner ears.

A

Oval window.

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14
Q

The bones of the middle ear.

A

Ossicles.

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15
Q

The first of three ossicles in the middle ear.

A

Malleus.

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16
Q

The middle of three ossicles found in the middle ear.

A

Incus.

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17
Q

The innermost of the three ossicles of the middle ear.

A

Stapes.

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18
Q

The protective restriction of the movement of the tympanic membrane and ossicles, resulting in a reduction of sound to the inner ear by a factor of 30 dB.

A

Acoustic reflex.

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19
Q

Two (2) muscles in the middle ear.

A
  1. Tensor tympani
  2. Stapedius
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20
Q

Contains two sets of fluid-filled cavities embedded in the temporal bone of the skull.

A

The Inner Ear.

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21
Q

Contains specialized receptor cells that respond to the vibrations transmitted to the inner ear; is fluid-filled.

A

Cochlea.

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22
Q

The cochlea’s three (3) parallel chambers.

A
  1. Vestibular canal
  2. Tympanic canal
  3. Apex
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23
Q

The part of the cochlea most distant from the oval window.

A

Apex.

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24
Q

Fluid found in the vestibular and tympanic canals of the inner ear.

A

Perilymph.

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25
Q

The fluid found in the cochlear duct.

A

Endolymph.

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26
Q

A membrane that separates the vestibular canal and the cochlear duct in the inner ear.

A

Reissner’s membrane.

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27
Q

A structure in the cochlea that separates the tympanic canal and the cochlear duct.

A

Basilar membrane.

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28
Q

A membrane covering the end of the tympanic canal.

A

Round window.

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29
Q

A structure within the cochlear duct responsible for translating vibrations in the inner ear into neural messages.

A

Organ of Corti.

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30
Q

Out of the approximately 15500 hair cells in each human inner ear, about how many of them are inner hair cells, which are the actual auditory receptors?

A

3500 inner hair cells.

31
Q

Out of the approximately 15500 hair cells in each human inner ear, about how many of them are outer hair cells, which appear to amplify sound?

A

12000 outer hair cells.

32
Q

Structure found in the inner ear whose axons form the auditory nerve.

A

Spiral ganglion.

33
Q

Cortex located just below the lateral fissure in the temporal lobe that provides the initial cortical processing of auditory information.

A

Primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus).

34
Q

Areas surrounding the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe that process more complex types of stimuli.

A

Secondary auditory cortex.

35
Q

The part of the human secondary auditory cortex that specifically decodes speech.

A

Wernicke’s area.

36
Q

A person is considered legally deaf when speech sounds equal to or less than __ dB cannot be heard.

A

82 dB.

37
Q

A term used to refer to hearing loss resulting from problems in the outer or middle ear.

A

Conduction loss.

38
Q

Conduction loss can result from the following.

A
  1. Buildup of wax in the ear canal
  2. Infections of the middle ear
  3. A disease known as otosclerosis
39
Q

The system that provides information about the body senses, including touch, movement, pain, and temperature.

A

Somatosensory system.

40
Q

The sensory system that provides information about the position and movement of the head.

A

Vestibular system.

41
Q

A structure in the inner ear vestibular system that provides information about the angle of the head relative to the ground and about linear acceleration.

A

Otolith organ.

42
Q

One of three (3) looping chambers found in the inner ear that provide information regarding the rotation of the head.

A

Semicircular canal.

43
Q

The largest and heaviest organ of the human body.

A

Skin.

44
Q

Two (2) basic varieties of skin.

A
  1. Hairy skin
  2. Glabrous, or hairless skin
45
Q

Outer layers of the skin.

A
  1. Epidermis (outer)
  2. Dermis (inner)
46
Q

Contains connective tissues and fat; found below the dermis.

A

Subcutaneous tissue.

47
Q

A skin receptor that senses touch, pressure, or vibration.

A

Mechanoreceptor.

48
Q

A mechanoreceptor in which the axon fibers are surrounded by a fluid-filled capsule formed of connective tissue.

A

Encapsulated receptor.

49
Q

Responds primarily to pressure.

A

Meissner’s corpuscle.

50
Q

Provides information about pressure and vibration.

A

Pacinian corpuscle.

51
Q

Provides information primarily about pressure.

A

Merkel’s disk.

52
Q

Provides information regarding stretch.

A

Ruffini’s ending.

53
Q

A myelinated fiber that carries information about cold and sharp pain to the central nervous system.

A

Alpha-delta fiber.

54
Q

A small, unmyelinated fiber that carries information about temperature, itch, and dull, aching pain to the central nervous system.

A

C fiber.

55
Q

The largest fibers; carry information from the muscles.

A

Alpha-alpha.

56
Q

Carries information from the Meissner’s corpuscles, Merkel’s disks, Pacinian corpuscles, and Ruffini’s endings toward the central nervous system.

A

Alpha-beta class.

57
Q

The spinal pathway that carries information about touch and position to the medulla.

A

Dorsal column.

58
Q

The pathway originating in the dorsal column nuclei and synapsing in the ventral posterior (VP) nucleus of the thalamus that is responsible for carrying information about touch and position.

A

Medial lemniscus.

59
Q

A nerve that carries sensation from mechanoreceptors, temperature receptors, and pain receptors in the skin of the face, mouth, tongue, and the dura meter of the brain.

A

Trigeminal nerve (Cranial nerve V).

60
Q

Occurs in the human somatosensory cortex as a result of both loss and enhancement of input.

A

Plasticity.

61
Q

These are free nerve endings in the skin that respond to surface temperature.

A

Thermoreceptors.

62
Q

Free nerve endings that respond to pain.

A

Nociceptors.

63
Q

These are responsible for that sensation of a quick, sharp “ouch.”

A

Alpha delta fibers.

64
Q

These are responsible for dull, aching types of pain sensation.

A

C fibers.

65
Q

Both types of ascending pain fibers use _________ as their primary neurotransmitter.

A

Glutamate.

66
Q

A group of cells in the outer gray matter of the dorsal horn that receive synapses from pain fibers.

A

Substantia gelatinosa.

67
Q

A neurotransmitter substance associated with the sense of pain that also serves as a stimulus at some nociceptors.

A

Substance P.

68
Q

The sense of smell.

A

Olfaction.

69
Q

The layer in the nasal cavity containing olfactory receptors.

A

Olfactory epithelium.

70
Q

Four (4) major categories of taste.

A
  1. Sweet
  2. Sour
  3. Salty
  4. Bitter
71
Q

One of the five basic taste groups, characteristic of tastes found in seaweed and other “meaty or savory” elements of Asian cuisine.

A

Umami.

72
Q

Receptors for taste are found not only in the tongue but also in other parts of the mouth.

A

Taste receptors.

73
Q

Bumps on the tongue containing taste buds and taste receptors.

A

Papillae.

74
Q

Small fibers extending from taste receptors.

A

Microvilli.

Bio Psych Midterms (8 decks)

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