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Bio Psych Midterms > Chapter 0: Anatomy & Evolution of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 0: Anatomy & Evolution of the Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

A directional term meaning toward the head of a four-legged animal.

A

Rostral / anterior.

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2
Q

A directional term meaning toward the tail of a four-legged animal.

A

Caudal / posterior.

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3
Q

A directional term meaning toward the belly of a four-legged animal.

A

Inferior / ventral.

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4
Q

A directional term meaning toward the back of a four-legged animal.

A

Superior / dorsal.

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5
Q

An imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord to the front of the brain.

A

Neuraxis.

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6
Q

An imaginary line dividing the body into two equal halves.

A

Midline.

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7
Q

A directional term that means closer to center; usually applied to limbs; opposite of distal.

A

Proximal.

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8
Q

A directional term meaning farther away from another structure; usually in reference to limbs.

A

Distal.

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9
Q

The layer of membranes that cover the central nervous system and the peripheral nerves.

A

Meninges.

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10
Q

The outermost of the three layers of meninges, found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

A

Dura mater.

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11
Q

The middle layer of the meninges covering the central nervous system.

A

Arachnoid layer.

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12
Q

The innermost of the layers of meninges, found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

A

Pia mater.

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13
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is secreted within hollow spaces in the brain known as?

A

Ventricles.

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14
Q

What converts material from the nearby blood supply into cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Choroid plexus.

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15
Q

Literally means “water on the brain.” If left untreated, this can cause mental retardation.

A

Hydrocephalus.

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16
Q

One of the two major blood vessels that travel up the sides of the neck to supply the brain.

A

Carotid artery.

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17
Q

One of the important blood vessels that enter the brain from the back of the skull.

A

Vertebral artery.

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18
Q

A long cylinder of nervous tissue extending from the medulla to the first lumbar vertebra.

A

Spinal cord.

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19
Q

The bones of the spinal column that protect and enclose the spinal cord.

A

Vertebral column.

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20
Q

Is made up of nerve fibers known as axons, the parts of neurons that carry signals to other neurons. The tissue looks white due to a fatty material known as myelin, which covers most human axons.

A

White matter.

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21
Q

Consist of areas primarily made up of cell bodies. The tissue appears gray because the cell bodies absorb some of the chemicals used to preserve the tissue, which stains them gray.

A

Gray matter.

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22
Q

Also known as “knee jerk.”

A

Patellar reflex.

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23
Q

If you touch something hot or step on something sharp, your spinal cord produces a?

A

Withdrawal reflex.

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24
Q

The most caudal division of the brain, including the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.

A

Hindbrain.

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25
Q

The most caudal part of the hindbrain.

A

Myelencephalon (Medulla).

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26
Q

Means “bridge” in Latin, and one of the roles of this part of the brain is to form connections between the medulla and higher brain centers as well as with the cerebellum.

A

Pons.

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27
Q

Means “little brain” in Latin; contains more nerve cells than the rest of the brain combined. This part of the brain emphasizes its role in coordinating voluntary movements, maintaining muscle tone, and regulating balance.

A

Cerebellum.

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28
Q

The division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and forebrain.

A

Midbrain (Mesencephalon).

29
Q

Gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain that is believed to play a role in the sensation of pain.

A

Periaqueductal gray.

30
Q

The small channel running along the midline of the midbrain that connects the third and fourth ventricles.

A

Cerebral aqueduct.

31
Q

Motor control.

A

Red nucleus and Substantia nigra.

32
Q

Superior colliculi.

A

Vision.

33
Q

Inferior colliculi.

A

Audition.

34
Q

Contains the most advanced and most recently evolved structures of the brain.

A

Forebrain.

35
Q

Two (2) divisions of the forebrain.

A
  1. Diencephalon (thalamus & hypothalamus)
  2. Telencephalon (bulk of the symmetrical left and right cerebral hemispheres)
36
Q

A structure in the diencephalon that processes sensory information, contributes to states of arousal, and participates in learning and memory.

A

Thalamus.

37
Q

A structure found in the diencephalon that participates in the regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggression.

A

Hypothalamus.

38
Q

A gland located just above the roof of the mouth that is connected to the hypothalamus and serves as a major source of hormones.

A

Pituitary gland.

39
Q

A collection of nuclei within the cerebral hemispheres that participate in the control of movement.

A

Basal ganglia.

40
Q

Declarative memory formation.

A

Hippocampus.

41
Q

Fear, aggression, memory.

A

Amygdala.

42
Q

Aggression; regulation of hunger, thirst, sex, temperature, circadian rhythms, hormones.

A

Hypothalamus.

43
Q

Decision making, error detection, emotion, anticipation of reward, pain, empathy.

A

Anterior cingulate cortex.

44
Q

Eye movements, spatial orientation, memory.

A

Posterior cingulate cortex.

45
Q

Reward.

A

Septal area.

46
Q

Olfaction (smell).

A

Olfactory bulbs.

47
Q

Memory.

A

Parahippocampal gyrus.

48
Q

Part of the hypothalamus; memory.

A

Mammillary bodies.

49
Q

Connects the hippocampus to mammillary bodies and other parts of the brain.

A

Fornix.

50
Q

Abnormalities of this part of the brain are correlated with uncharacteristic, totally irrational violence.

A

Amygdala.

51
Q

Latin word for “bark”, refers to the outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres.

A

Cortex.

52
Q

The variations in thickness of the cerebral cortex in different parts of the brain.

A

1.5mm to 4mm.

53
Q

Hills of the cortex.

A

Gyrus (plural: gyri).

54
Q

Valleys of the cortex.

A

Sulcus (plural: sulci).

55
Q

Its role is to carry sensory information from the body to the spinal cord and brain and bring back the body commands for appropriate responses.

A

Peripheral Nervous System.

56
Q

Three (3) structural divisions of the peripheral nervous system.

A
  1. Cranial nerves
  2. Spinal nerves
  3. Autonomic nervous system
57
Q

Together, the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves make up the?

A

Somatic nervous system.

58
Q

Twelve (12) pairs of nerves that exit the brain as part of the peripheral nervous system.

A

Cranial nerves.

59
Q

Spinal nerves are also known as?

A

Mixed nerve.

60
Q

A term for a nerve headed towards the central nervous system.

A

Sensory nerve (afferent nerve).

61
Q

A term for a nerve headed away from the central nervous system.

A

Motor nerve (efferent nerve).

62
Q

Your heart, lungs, digestive system, and other organs are commanded by what part of the nervous system?

A

Autonomic nervous system.

63
Q

A set of techniques that enable people to control typically unconscious or involuntary functions such as blood pressure.

A

Biofeedback.

64
Q

The division of the autonomic nervous system that coordinates arousal and the Fight-or-Flight response among other things.

A

Sympathetic.

65
Q

The division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for rest and energy storage. Its job is to provide rest, repair, and energy storage.

A

Parasympathetic.

66
Q

The brain structure that plays the greatest role in managing the the autonomic nervous system.

A

Hypothalamus.

67
Q

The process by which favorable traits would become more common and unfavorable traits would become less common in subsequent generations due to differences among organisms in their ability to reproduce successfully.

A

Natural selection.

68
Q

Animals with spinal columns and real brains are referred to as?

A

Vertebrates (Chordates).

69
Q

In 1973, he proposed that a ratio of body weight and brain weight be used to predict intelligent behavior between species.

A

Jerison.

Bio Psych Midterms (8 decks)

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