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AQA History Power and the People > Chapter 3 ; Reform and reformers > Flashcards

Chapter 3 ; Reform and reformers Flashcards

1
Q

What was Britain’s electoral system like in the early eighteenth century?

A
  • rotten boroughs
  • potwalloper boroughs
  • no secret ballot
  • no suffrage for women
  • workers in cities lacked representation
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2
Q

Why was Britain unsettled in 1820s?

A
  • new wealth
  • old government system
  • new ways of working
  • new ideas
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3
Q

How did new wealth make Britain unsettled in 1820s?

A
  • middle class forming
  • removing traditional hierarchy
  • ignored by parliament
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4
Q

How did new ideas make Britain unsettled in 1820s?

A
  • French Revolution 1789
  • Thomas Payne published ‘Rights of Man’ 1791
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5
Q

How did old government system make Britain unsettled in 1820s?

A
  • southern bias
  • rotten/potwalloper boroughs
  • country had changed a lot
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6
Q

How did new ways of working make Britain unsettled in 1820s?

A

men, women, children worked long hours in poor conditions
- poor housing conditions also

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7
Q

Why did rotten boroughs affect government in Britain?

A

areas where no one lived but MPs still represented

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8
Q

Give an example of a rotten borough

A

mound of grass called Old Sarum had 2 MPs representing it in Parliament

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9
Q

Why did potwalloper boroughs affect government in Britian?

A

prevented poor from having suffrage and complicated suffrage

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10
Q

Why did no secret ballot affect government in Britain?

A

not true representation
- bribery
- sacked if they voted ‘wrong’
- corruption

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11
Q

Why did pocket boroughs affect government in Britian?

A

rich controlled areas who did not represent needs of everyone

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12
Q

Why did no suffrage for women affect government?

A

large section of society not represented

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13
Q

How often were elections in the early 1800s?

A

every 7 yearrs

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14
Q

How did John Cartwright attempt to change electoral system in Britain?

A

argued in favour of electoral reform in ‘Take Your Choice!’ pamphlet
- toured country for 30 years demanding reform

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15
Q

When did Lord Stormont argue there was no need to change British constitution?

A

1780

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16
Q

When was Reform Bill passed in Britain?

A

1809

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17
Q

What did the Reform Bill of 1809 demand?

A

equal electoral districts
annual parliaments
vote for all tax payers

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18
Q

What happened to Reform Bill of 1809?

A

defeated by 79 votes to 15

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19
Q

When was the Peterloo Massacre?

A

16th August 1819

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20
Q

How many workers were gathered at St Peter’s Fields?

A

60,000 workers gathered

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21
Q

Why had workers gathered at St Peter’s Fields in Manchester?

A

hear Henry Hunt speak about reform of parliament

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22
Q

How did local magistrate respond to gathering of people at St Peter’s Fields?

A

saw Revolution stirring
- signed warrant for Hunt’s arrest
- sent militia

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23
Q

How did army respond to gathering of workers at St Peter’s Fields?

A

killed 15 people
injured 600 people
within 10 minutes

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24
Q

How did Parliament respond to Peterloo Massacre?

A

Six Acts passed

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25
Q

What did the Six Acts do that were introduced following Peterloo Massacre?

A

limited public meetings to less than 50 people
restricted journalism

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26
Q

What did Six Acts label meeting of over 50 people as?

A

meeting of over 50 people for radical reform was act of treason

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27
Q

When did Thomas Attwood form Birmingham Political Union of Lower and Middle Classes of People?

A

1829

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28
Q

What did the Birmingham Political Union of Lower and Middle Classes of People do?

A

sent petition of 8000 people for parliamentary reform

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29
Q

What did the Birmingham Political Union want?

A

shorter parliaments
end property qualifications
all tax payers have vote

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30
Q

When was the Great Reform Act passed?

A

1832

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31
Q

How was the Great Reform Act passed?

A
  • whigs and William IV came to power (both open to reform)
  • tory lords scared to lose power so passed it
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32
Q

Why did the Tory lords eventually agree to pass Great Reform Act?

A
  • failed three times
  • Earl Grey asked King to appoint more sympathetic lords
  • Tories scared they would lose power
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33
Q

How much did Great Reform Act increase number of men who could vote?

A

doubled number of men who could vote

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34
Q

Which cities got MPs for first time after Great Reform Act?

A

Manchester and Leeds got MPs for first time

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35
Q

How many small location lost right to elect MP in Great Reform Act?

A

56 small locations

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36
Q

How many small towns lost one MP in Great Reform Act?

A

30 small towns lost one MP in Great Reform Act

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37
Q

Give an example of a place that gained more MPs in Great Reform Act

A

London

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38
Q

Who got the chance to vote in Great Reform Act?

A

people who earned over £150 per year

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39
Q

How many people could vote before Great Reform Act?

A

435,000 people

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40
Q

How many people could vote after Great Reform Act?

A

642,000 people

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41
Q

Why was the Great Reform Act ineffective?

A
  • voters had to own property
  • workers could not vote
  • voters had to be men
  • public ballot remained
  • fear and bribery used
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42
Q

Why was the Great Reform Act successful?

A
  • first big change in system
  • gave more men vote
  • manufacturing towns got MPs
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43
Q

Why was the Great Reform Act unsuccessful?

A
  • only middle class men
  • MPs drawn from rich
  • working class man no vote
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44
Q

What did the Great Reform Act do?

A
  • created new constituencies
  • provided vote to landowners, farmers, shopkeepers and householders
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45
Q

Who was Henry Hunt?

A

Orator who made speeches for working class political reform
- imprisoned for 2 years following Peterloo Massacre

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46
Q

Who was Lord Grey?

A

Whig MP and Prime Minister
- passed Great Reform Act

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47
Q

Who were the Chartists?

A

demanded radical reform of parliament

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48
Q

Who was Fergus O’Connor?

A

toured country speaking for universal suffrage
leading chartist
published Northern Star

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49
Q

Why did working class people develop Chartism?

A

could not vote if they did not own a property over £10

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50
Q

What were the economic causes of chartism?

A
  • skilled workers no longer needed as machines introduced
  • Poor Law of 1834
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51
Q

How did the Poor Law of 1834 lead to chartism?

A

people with financial problems sent to workhouse

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52
Q

What were the social causes of chartism?

A
  • new towns and cities had poor working conditions
  • bad harvests in 1830s meant families went hungry
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53
Q

What were the political causes of chartism?

A
  • working class could not vote
  • no secret ballot
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54
Q

What were the short term consequences of the Great Reform Act?

A
  • middle class got vote
  • middle class represented
  • rotten boroughs removed
  • 2/10 men could vote
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55
Q

What were the long term consequences of the Great Reform Act?

A
  • reduced power of king and landowners
  • middle class had more influence
  • showed change was possible
  • no secret ballot til 1872
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56
Q

What happened following the Great Reform Act?

A

decline in voters
- unsure why?

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57
Q

How many men were replaced by a single machine?

A

10 men replaced by one machine

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58
Q

How did Government attempt to resolve problems in 1830s?

A

Poor Law of 1834

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59
Q

When was the Chartist movement created?

A

1836 by William Lovett

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60
Q

What did William Lovett create in 1836?

A

London Working Men’s Association

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61
Q

Who joined the Chartist movement?

A

Thomas Attwood and BPU

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62
Q

When and where was the national Chartist convention held?

A

Birmingham in 1839

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63
Q

How many aims did the People’s Charter have?

A

6 main aims

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64
Q

What were the 6 aims of the People’s Charter?

A
  • votes for all men
  • wages for MPs
  • yearly election
  • secret ballot
  • no property qualifications
  • equal sized constituencies
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65
Q

Give an example of a mass Chartist protest

A

Glasglow

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66
Q

Give an example of a Chartist newspaper

A

Northern Star

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67
Q

What years did Chartists send petitions to Parliament?

A

1839
1842
1848

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68
Q

When was the People’s charter sent to government?

A

1839

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69
Q

How did government feel about chartists?

A

worried

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70
Q

How did Government respond to Chartists?

A
  • rejected petitions
  • put up posters asking not to attend meetings
  • arrested Chartists
  • transported Chartists to Australia
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71
Q

When was the Newport Rising?

A

1839

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72
Q

What happened at the Newport Rising?

A

20 Chartists shot dead by soldiers

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73
Q

How many Chartists had met in Newport and what had been their intention?

A

5000 marchers intended to free Chartist prisoners from custody

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74
Q

How many chartists were transported to Australia?

A

102 chartists transported to Australia

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75
Q

What caused the Newport uprising?

A
  • unemployment higher than national average
  • starving population
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76
Q

Why did Chartists use temeprance?

A

zero tolerance of alcohol
- parliament would take more seriously if they were sober

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77
Q

How did Chartists respond to People’s Charter being rejected?

A
  • peaceful campaigns not enough
  • Newport Uprising
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78
Q

Which newspaper did William Lovett edit?

A

The Chartist

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79
Q

What actions did William Lovett take?

A
  • first petition 1839
  • second petition 1842
  • encouraged temperance
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80
Q

Who used moral force?

A

William Lovett

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81
Q

Who used physical fore?

A

Feargus O’Connor

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82
Q

What actions did Feargus O’Connor take?

A
  • violence after rejection of second petition
  • encouraged plug plot
  • called for general strike
  • third petition 1848
  • Northern Star
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83
Q

Which newspaper did Feargus O’Connor establish?

A

Northern Star

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84
Q

What was the plug plot that Feargus O’Connor encouraged?

A

damage to machinery

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85
Q

How were Chartists linked to land reform?

A
  • everyone entitled to land
  • O’Connorville ; failed ; poorly farmed
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86
Q

What happened on 10th April 1848?

A

O’Connor met with 50,000 supporters on Kennington Common in London

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87
Q

How man constables had prepared on the 10th April 1848?

A

85,000 constables
- prevented access

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88
Q

Why did the government see the third petition as a farce?

A

said to have had 5 million signatures
- only 2 million
- Queen Victoria forged

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89
Q

Why did Chartists fail in the short term?

A
  • strong parliamentary opposition
  • standard of living increased in 1850s
  • alternative working class movements grew
  • divided leadership
  • lacked on clear message
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90
Q

How many of Chartists’ aims had been met by 1850?

A

none

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91
Q

What happened in 1867?

A

more men given vote

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92
Q

What happened in 1872?

A

secret ballot introduced

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93
Q

When were votes for all men introduced?

A

1918

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94
Q

When were equal sized constituencies introduced?

A

1884

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95
Q

When were wages for MPs introduced?

A

1911

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96
Q

When were property qualifications removed?

A

1918 for men

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97
Q

When were yearly elections introduced?

A

never…

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98
Q

What were the consequences of the Six Acts?

A

suppressed people’s rights but increased opposition to government

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99
Q

What were the consequences of the Great Reform Act?

A

increased political and economic agitation

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100
Q

How many of chartists’ aims were met by second half of century?

A

5/6 aims met
- movement towards democracy

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101
Q

What is the significance of the Chartist movement?5

A

first modern political party in aims, organisations and methods

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102
Q

What caused the Abolitions movement?

A
  • abolitionists
  • French revolution
  • slave resistance
  • Christian faith
  • decline in economic profits
  • womens antislavery societies
  • ‘white slaves’
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103
Q

When did the issue of slavery dominate Britian?

A

1783 to 1833

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104
Q

Why did some people support slavery?

A
  • money made from plantations
  • white man’s burden
  • government pay compensation to owners
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105
Q

Who was William Wilberforce and what did he do?

A

motivated by Christian faith, spoke to parliament
created Anti Slavery Society

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106
Q

When did William Wilberforce present a petition for abolition of slavery to government?

A

1797

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107
Q

Who was Olaudah Equiano and what did he do?

A

formerly enslaved but bought his own freedom
- wrote a book which won support for campaign

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108
Q

What was the name Olaudah Equiano’s book?

A

The Interesting narrative of the life of Olaudah Equiano

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109
Q

Who was Thomas Clarkson and what did he do?

A

collected information and produced drawings and pamphlets about conditions on board slave ships

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110
Q

Who was Granville Sharp and what did he do?

A
  • supported cases of enslaved people in Britain
  • brought public attention to Zong
  • won Johnathan Strong’s case for freedom
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111
Q

How did economic factors cause abolition of slavery?

A

less profit
- cheaper imports from Brazil and Cuba

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112
Q

What did Josiah Wedgewood do?

A

made badge for supporters to wear

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113
Q

What did Hannah More do?

A

wrote poetry for movement

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114
Q

How many antislavery women’s societies were there in 1833?

A

73 organisations

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115
Q

When did the Maroon slaves escape plantation in Jamaica?

A

1655
- lived in mountains and celebrated native African culture

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116
Q

What inspired the rebel slaves of St Dominique?

A

French Revolution

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117
Q

How did enslaved people rebel on St Dominique?

A

killed white plantation owners
burnt sugar crops

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118
Q

When was slavery abolished on St Dominique?

A

1804

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119
Q

What happened to St Dominique after the rebellion and action of Toussant L’Ouverture?

A

declared independent
renamed Haiti

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120
Q

What role did working class in Britain have in abolition of slavery?

A

1/4 of Manchester signed a petition in 1792

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121
Q

What happened in 1781?

A

captain of Zong acquitted of murder after throwing 133 sick slaves overboard

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122
Q

What happened in 1782?

A

Somersett vs Stewart case deemed slave brought to Britain was free and no longer enslaved

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123
Q

What happened in 1783?

A

London Quakers presented petition against slave trade with 300 names to Parliament

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124
Q

When was the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade set up?

A

1787

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125
Q

Give examples of abolitions

A

Hannah More
William Wilberforce
Thomas Clarkson
Granville Sharp
Olaudah Equiano
Josiah Wedgewood

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126
Q

How many names did the Manchester petition have for the abolition of slavery?

A

10,000 names

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127
Q

How many separate petitions were sent to Parliament in 1788?

A

103 separate petitions sent to parliament

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128
Q

When was Abolition of Slave Trade passed?

129
Q

What was made illegal in 1807?

A

buying or selling of slaves

130
Q

When was slavery banned across British Empire?

131
Q

What was made illegal in 1833?

A

owning a slave

132
Q

Who was instantly freed in 1833 from slavery?

A

enslaved people under age of 6

133
Q

How long did enslaved people over 6 have to remain in slavery?

A

4 years further

134
Q

What were the consequences of the abolition of slavery?

A
  • pressured other nations
  • slaves sacked if they refused to live in old quarters
  • smuggling of slaves
  • no regulations
  • conditions declined
  • competition for wage and work
135
Q

When were the corn laws introduced?

136
Q

What affect did Corn Laws have?

A

placed taxes on imported corn which benefitted landowners and farmers at expense of factory owners and workers

137
Q

Why did Government introduce the Corn Laws?

A
  • Britain banned cheap French wheat during war
  • stopped trade
138
Q

Why did the price of wheat increase in Britain?

A

no competition - could charge high price for wheat

139
Q

Why did politicians and farmers want to keep the Corn Laws?

A

benefitted from increased prices

140
Q

What happened in 1828?

A

sliding scale introduced to regulate corn price but they remained high

141
Q

When was the Anti Corn Law Association set up?

142
Q

When did government reject a motion to repeal Corn Laws?

143
Q

How did Anti Corn Law League pressurise government?

A

targeting seats in elections in 1841

144
Q

Why did support for Anti Corn Law League drop in 1844?

A

good harvest meant prices dropped

145
Q

Why did support for Anti Corn Law League increase in 1845?

A

poor harvest meant prices increased

146
Q

When was the Corn Law repealed by Government?

147
Q

Who belonged to the Anti Corn Law League?

A

middle class men who felt law was unfair on poor/working class

148
Q

Who were two prominent members of Anti Corn Law League?

A

Richard Cobden
John Bright

149
Q

When did Richard Cobden become an MP?

150
Q

When did John Bright become an MP?

151
Q

What did Cobden and Bright do?

A

orators that spread word of League throughout country

152
Q

What tactics did Cobden and Bright use?

A
  • speeches
  • pamphlets
  • newspaper articles
  • railways to travel faster
  • penny post sent pamphlets to every eligible voter
153
Q

Why did Robert Peel support Anti Corn Law League?

A

saw benefit of free trade and not controlling imports

154
Q

Why did Robert Peel have to slowly persuade government?

A

leader of Tory party
- mostly wealthy landowners who wanted to keep prices high

155
Q

What new technology did Cobden and Bright use?

A

penny post
railways

156
Q

Why did the Anti Corn Law League protest for the laws to be repealed?

A
  • spend ££ on industrial goods
  • trade secured peace in Europe
  • basic food ; bread unaffordable
  • spend ££ on other farm produce ; meat
  • lower living costs w cheap wheat
  • countries could ££ into industry through trade
157
Q

What were the short term consequences of repealing the Corn Laws?

A
  • Peel forced to resign
  • no devastating effect
  • overproduction in war meant cheaper prices
  • poor afford wheat
158
Q

What were the long term consequences of repealing the Corn Laws?

A
  • landowning class challenged which inspired others
  • working class protected which inspired others
159
Q

How was the Corn Law internationally significant?

A

Irish potato famine
- 1846 millions starving
- no wheat to send
- had to repeal laws!

160
Q

What motivated the factory and social reformers?

A

Christian faith
abolition of slavery
poor working conditions

161
Q

What law was passed in 1833?

A

Ten Hours Bill

162
Q

What was the Ten Hours Bill of 1833?

A

limited hours children under nine could work

163
Q

What was set up in 1840?

A

Children’s Employment Commission

164
Q

What act was passed in 1842?

A

Mines and Collieries Act

165
Q

What did the Mines and Collieries Act of 1842 prohibit?

A

prohibited employment of women and children udnerground

166
Q

When did Lord Shaftesbury become president of Ragged Schools Union?

167
Q

What was the Ragged Schools Union?

A

educate those too poor to attend normal schools

168
Q

What did Lord Shaftesbury do?

A

spent lifetime working for social and economic reform

169
Q

What acts did Lord Shaftesbury pass?

A

Ten Hours Bill
Mines and Collieries Act

170
Q

What did Lord Shaftesbury set up?

A

Children’s Employment Commission
Ragged Schools Union

171
Q

What was common for children as young as 6 working in factories or mines?

A

accidents
- lost limbs or even life

172
Q

What role did men have in mines?

A

manually cut coal

173
Q

What role did women have in mine?

A

carried coal to surface

174
Q

What role did older boys have in mines?

A

pushed coal carts

175
Q

What role did young children have in mines?

A

worked as trappers

176
Q

What conditions like for trappers in mines?

A

12 hours a day sat in dark
- lost legs as carts ran over them

177
Q

How much did girls have to carry when working in mines?

A

150kg of coal

178
Q

How did people hear about poor working conditions in mines?

A

inspectors working in support of reforms
MP Michael Sadler
Lord Shaftesbury

179
Q

What is laissez faire politics?

A

politics should not be involved in personal life

180
Q

Why did workers oppose factory reforms?

A
  • limited income
  • laissez faire politics
  • sent to workhouses
  • did not cater to all workers
181
Q

When was the Poor Law Amendment Act passed?

182
Q

Why did workers dislike the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834?

A

sent to workhouses if money not made
- separated families
- ruined lives

183
Q

What type of reform was MP Michael Sadler part of?

A

factory reform

184
Q

What type of reform was Lord Shaftesbury part of?

A

factory and social reform

185
Q

What type of reform was Robert Owen part of?

A

factory and social reform

186
Q

What type of reform was Josephine Butler part of?

A

social reform

187
Q

What type of reform was Edwin Chadwick part of?

A

social reform

188
Q

What type of reform was Elizabeth Fry part of?

A

social reform

189
Q

What motivated MP Michael Sadler?

A
  • working conditions
  • dangerous machinery
  • poor treatment of children
  • weight of coal lifted by women and children
190
Q

What did MP Michael Sadler suggest?

A

maximum 10 hour day for those under eighteen

191
Q

What motivated Lord Shaftesbury?

A
  • Christian faith
  • improving children’s lvies
192
Q

What did Lord Shaftesbury do?

A
  • Ten Hour Bill
  • Miners and Collieries Act
  • Ragged Schools Union
  • Children’s Employment Commission
193
Q

What motivated Robert Owen?

A
  • socialist
  • equal society
  • more profit from happy workers
194
Q

How successful was Robert Owen?

A

visited by royal family and MPs

195
Q

When did Robert Owen become manager at New Lanark?

196
Q

When did Robert Owen introduce 8 hour day?

197
Q

When did Robert Owen open a school?

A

1816 opened a school

198
Q

What did Robert Owen create for citizens of New Lanark?

A

social club
- no alcohol or swearing

199
Q

When was the Factory Act passed?

200
Q

What was the impact of the Factory Act of 1833?

A
  • no U9 work in factory
  • children aged 9-13 only 48hrs per week
  • children U13 school 2hours a day
  • four inspectors check act was enforced
201
Q

What did Factory Act not apply to?

A

silk factories

202
Q

How many inspectors had to check Factory Act was enforced?

A

four inspectors

203
Q

How many hours of school did u13 have after Factory Act?

A

2 hours daily

204
Q

How many hours were 9-13 allowed after Factory Act?

A

48 hours a week

205
Q

What did the Miners and Collieries Act of 1842 change?

A
  • no child u15 winding machinery
  • no women/children work underground
206
Q

What were most of the factory and social reformers?

A

philanthropists

207
Q

What motivated Edwin Chadwick?

A
  • improving living conditions
  • improve health of population
208
Q

What did Edwin Chadwick do?

A

proved cholera came from poor housing not from working class themselves

209
Q

What motivated Elizabeth Fry?

A
  • Quaker
  • helping poor
  • prison reform
210
Q

What did Elizabeth Fry do?

A

visited Newgate Prison
- school and chapel
improved conditions for women on transportation ships

211
Q

What motivated Josephine Butler?

A
  • family involvement
  • Evangelical
  • Repealing Contagious Disease Act of 1869
  • treatment of women arrested for prostitution
212
Q

When was the Contagious Disease Act passed?

213
Q

What did Josephine Butler do?

A
  • campaigned age of consent 13 -> 16
  • repealed Contagious Disease Act in 1883
  • campaigned for protection of prostitutes
214
Q

Why did Josephine Butler repeal Contagious Disease Act in 1883?

A

policemen could lift up woman’s skirt to inspect
- blamed for STDs in soldiers

215
Q

How successful was social and factory reform?

A

still at disadvantage from Poor Law Amendment Act in 1834

216
Q

What were the consequences of reformers and campaigners?

A

showed one issue groups successful
showed strength of boycotting and political lobbying
showed role of individual

217
Q

What are Trade Unions?

A

organised association of workers in trade or group of trades formed to protect and further their rights

218
Q

What did early trade unions try to do?

A

maintain existing wages

219
Q

How did skilled workers’ unions differ?

A

strong position to band together and pressure employees
- Friendly Societies
- sick or unemployment pay

220
Q

What did Luddites do?

A

destroyed factory machinery

221
Q

What did Swing Rioters do?

A

destroyed farming machinery and set fire to farms
- threshing machines took jobs away

222
Q

How did Government respond to Trade Unions?

A

Combination Act

223
Q

When was the Combination Act passed?

224
Q

When did Government begin passing Combination Acts and why?

A

1779 due to worry

225
Q

When was Act Against Unlawful Oaths made?

226
Q

What did the Act Against Unlawful Oaths mean?

A

inhibited formation of rebellious groups

227
Q

When was the Master and Servant Act passed?

228
Q

What did the Master and Servant Act mean?

A

illegal for workers to break contact with employer by striking

229
Q

When was the Combination Act repealed?

230
Q

What was New Model Unionism?

A
  • skilled workers
  • building/crafting/creating
  • tailors and carpenters
231
Q

What was Trade Unionism?

A
  • non skilled workers
  • farmers, dock workers, factory workers
  • labouring
232
Q

What did Combination Act of 1825 allow?

A

meetings to discuss wages and conditions

233
Q

What did Combination Act of 1825 not allow?

A

stopped perceived threat of intimidation and picketing

234
Q

When was Grand National Consolidated Trade Union created?

235
Q

Who created the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union in 1834?

A

Robert Owen

236
Q

How many members did GNTCU have?

A

500,000 members

237
Q

Why did GNTCU fail?

A

bickering and different objectives of different trades

238
Q

Why were the Tolpuddle Martyrs arrested?

A

broke law by making secret oath

239
Q

Why was the Government upset by Tolpuddle Martyrs?

A
  • worried by forming a union because of French Rev
  • scared ideas of freedom and equality would spread in working class
240
Q

Who were the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

A

6 farmworkers

241
Q

Why was James Frampton able to cut wages of George and James Loveless?

A

plenty of hungry people desperate for any paid work

242
Q

What was the fate of the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

A

sent to Australia to work on chain gangs

243
Q

Why did the Tolpuddle Martyrs form a union?

A

protect families from poverty

244
Q

When did the Tolpuddle Martyrs occur?

A

February 1834

245
Q

Where did supporters of Tolpuddle Martyrs hold a demonstration?

A

Copenhagen Fields

246
Q

When were Tolpuddle Martyrs given full pardon?

A

14 March 1836

247
Q

How many demonstrators for TM marched to Parliament?

A

200,000 demonstrators

248
Q

How many names did petition for TM have?

A

800,000 names

249
Q

When was the Scottish Friendly Association created?

250
Q

What did members of Scottish Friendly Association do?

A

cotton spinners
- shot those willing to work

251
Q

What had caused Tolpuddle Martyrs?

A

James Frampton cut wages from 9 shillings to 8 shillings to 7 shillings

252
Q

What were the short term consequences of the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

A
  • Australia chain gangs
  • meeting of 10,000 people
  • petition and demonstration
  • POWER OVER GOVERNMENT
253
Q

What were the long term consequences of the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

A
  • inspired Chartism
  • encouraged success and impact
  • organised meetings without threatening Government
254
Q

When was the Trade Union Congress created?

255
Q

When was the Trade Union Act passed?

256
Q

What did the Trade Union Act mean?

A

legal
protected funds from embezzlement

257
Q

When was the Criminal Law Amendment Act?

258
Q

What did the Criminal Law Amendment Act mean?

A

picketing became illegal

259
Q

When was the Amalgamated Society of Engineers created?

260
Q

When was New Model Union created for Carpenters?

261
Q

When was New Model Union created for tailors?

262
Q

How many members did Amalgamated Society of Engineers have by 1868?

A

33,000 members

263
Q

What was Amalgamated Society of Engineers?

A

union of highly skilled men who could afford weekly subscriptions to ensure sick pay

264
Q

What were guilds?

A

controlled wages in medieval times

265
Q

What were the similarities between Chartists and Tolpuddle Martyrs?

A
  • presented demands
  • extreme response from GOV
  • angered by poor play
  • highly publicised
266
Q

What were the differences between Chartist and Tolpuddle Martyrs?

A
  • political change Chartists suffrage
  • personal change Martyrs
  • Chartism ; entire national movement
267
Q

When was the Coal Mines Act passed?

268
Q

What did the Coal Mines Act mean?

A

reduced working hours of women and children in mines

269
Q

What did Match girls suffer from?

A

phossy jaw

270
Q

What was phossy jaw?

A

caused by phosphorus
- jaws rot
- teeth fell out
- disfigured faces

271
Q

How did the public feel about match girls?

A

sympathized

272
Q

Who helped the match girls?

A

Annie Bessant

273
Q

Who was Annie Bessant and what did she do?

A

socialist and powerful speaker
founded weekly journal The Link

274
Q

What did the weekly journal The Link do?

A

stories about terrible working conditions

275
Q

What did Annie Bessant encourage public to do?

A

boycott Bryant and May

276
Q

How much were match girls paid?

A

20p girls
40p women

277
Q

Why were wages of match girls reduced in 1882?

A

statue of Prime Minister William Gladstone

278
Q

How did factory owners respond to match girl strikes?

A

pressured them to deny claims or they would be fired

279
Q

How many match girls came out in support of strikes?

A

1400 match girls

280
Q

How did Annie Bessant help match girls?

A
  • asked for higher wages
  • registered them for strike pay
  • wrote articles
  • held public meetings
  • marched in procession
281
Q

What was the Match girl strike?

A

first successful strike by unskilled manual labour

282
Q

How were Match girls successful?

A

procession past Houses of Parliament

283
Q

When did the Match girls stirke?

284
Q

When did the Dockers strike?

285
Q

What were the demands of the Dockers?

A

regular 4 hour work day
5p to 6p an hour

286
Q

How were Dockers different to New Model Unions?

A

more militant
- socialist leaders

287
Q

Who led the Dockers strike?

A

Ben Tillet

288
Q

What did Ben Tillet encourage dockers to do?

A

march through London holding rotten fish heads and vegetables

289
Q

How much support did Dockers get from Unions in Australia?

A

£30,000 in support

290
Q

Why were Dockers successful?

A

support from Australia forced hand of dock owners

291
Q

What did Dockers do?

A

picketed gates of London docks
- stopped ‘blackleg’ labourers

292
Q

Who supported Dockers?

A

Cardinal Manning
Lord Mayor of London
- mediated between workers and owners

293
Q

What are the similarities between Dockers and Match girls?

A
  • organised
  • pay rise
  • better conditions
  • external help
  • working class
  • public support
294
Q

Where did Match girls work?

A

Bryant and May

295
Q

What did Annie Bessant publish?

A

White Slaves of London

296
Q

What did London Gas Workers Union demand in 1889?

A

eight hour day

297
Q

What was handed out during 1889 strikes?

A

food relief

298
Q

What happened on May Day in 1890?

A

rally for eight hour day

299
Q

When were the first meetings for Independent Labour Party?

300
Q

What happened to members of Amalgamated Society of Engineers in 1897?

A

locked out by employers
- forced to concede demand for eight hour day

301
Q

Where was the first Labour controlled local council?

302
Q

When did West Ham become first Labour controlled local council?

303
Q

When was the Taff Vale Judgement ruled?

304
Q

What did the Taff Vale Judgement mean?

A

ruled any union on strike had to pay damages for loss of income caused by strike action

305
Q

What was the TUC?

A

Trades Union Congress that provided national co-ordinating council for all unions

306
Q

What did Joseph Arch do?

A

set up Warwickshire Agricultural Labourers Union in 1872

307
Q

How successful was Warwickshire Agricultural Labourers Union?

A

national by end of 1873
- 1000 branches
- 72,000 members

308
Q

Who was A.J Mundella and what did he do?

A

Nottingham hosiery manufacturer who recognised trade unions and fair treatment of workers
- developed system of arbitration to settle disputes
- unofficial spokes person in HoC for trade unions

309
Q

Who were the Labour party?

A

workers turned to politics for effective political organisation to deliver reforms

310
Q

Who was Keir Hardie?

A

Independent West Ham MP for 1892
- formed Labour Party 1893
- leader of Labour Party in 1906 in HoC
- supported women’s suffrage

311
Q

How successful were unions?

312
Q

Who were used to break strikes?

A

black legs
non union members

313
Q

How effective was law at dealing with unions?

A

gains made by workers short term and limited

314
Q

How much did trade unions increase by from 1888 to 1891?

A

doubled in two years

315
Q

How many workers were in trade unions by 1900?

316
Q

How many union members were women?

317
Q

Who had more influence?

A

general unions rather than small groups

318
Q

Why was the TUC unsuccessful?

A

unclear represent skilled or unskilled
economic or political

319
Q

What did the union movement lead to in 1893?

A

labour party

AQA History Power and the People (4 decks)

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