Chapter 2 ; Challenging royal authority Flashcards
Why did Henry VIII want control of the Church?
religion
money
power
What did monasteries offer in the sixteenth century?
learning
culture
medical treatment
refuges for poor or homeless
What did people pay to the church?
indulgences
Why did people pay indulgences to the Church?
forgive sins and help them get to Heaven
What was Reformation?
religious movement in 1500s to reform Roman Catholic Church
Why did Reformation develop in 1500s?
people wanted to reform Church because of its wealth and influence in society
Who fuelled ideas of Reformation?
Martin Luther in 1517
translated Bible into German
criticised use of indulgences
When did Henry VIII make himself head of Church of England?
1534
How did Henry VIII make himself head of Church of England?
passed Act of Supremacy in 1534
Why did King Henry VIII support idea of Reformation?
- saw Pope as competing power
- wanted divorce from Catherine of Aragon
- no taxes paid to Pope
Who was Thomas Cromwell?
advisor to King
well travelled blacksmith’s son
helped divorce Catherine of Aaragon
Why did King Henry VIII want to divorce Catherine of Aragon?
unable to provide male heir
Why was King Henry VIII not able to divorce Catherine or Aragon?
divorce was not allowed without permission of Pope
- her nephew was Holy Roman Emperor
How did Thomas Cromwell plan on increasing Henry’s wealth?
take wealth from monastries
How much did Church earn annually?
over £200,000
- almost double King Henry VIII
When were small monasteries shut down in England?
monasteries with less than £200 income shut down in 1536
What did Cromwell set up to evaluate monasteries?
Valor Ecclesiasticus
How did Cromwell evaluate monasteries?
reports on how they were spending their money
- those writing encouraged to make monasteries sound worse to make it easier to close them
What did Henry VIII do once he had dissolved the monasteries?
sold off land and assets to make himself rich
When was the Act of Suppression passed?
September 1536
When was Fountains Abbey closed?
1536 due to Act of Suppression
Who refused to recognise Henry as Head of Church of England and what happened to them?
Lord Chancellor Thomas More
- beheaded
What did Thomas Cromwell and Henry VIII create?
law that it was considered treason to not accept Henry VIII as Head of Church
How did people feel about religious change?
unhappy
- Princess Mary declared illegitimate
- Catherine divorced
How did Henry’s religious changes cause political problems?
prominent nobles lost influence because they were Catholic
How much land did monasteries have in England?
1/4 of land in England
How did people view dissolution of monasteries?
attack on religion
felt churches would be closed down after monasteries
How did nobility feel about Cromwell?
felt he should not have power as a commoner
- blacksmith’s son
How did rent change in the North?
rent increased
- economic hardships and struggles
When did poor harvests occur in England?
1535
When did food prices rise in England?
1536
What were the causes of Pilgrimage of Grace?
- increased prices
- poor harvests
- challenges to religion
- Cromwell’s power
- landowners lost influence
When did inflation occur?
1536
What caused the Pilgrimage of Grace?
religious disputes
taxes
food prices
loss of influence
When did the Pilgrimage of Grace begin?
October 1536
Where did Pilgrimage of Grace begin?
Yorkshire
Where did Pilgrimage of Grace spread to?
Cumberland, Northumberland and North Lancashire
Who lead the Pilgrimage of Grace?
Robert Aske
What were demands of the rebels of the Pilgrimage of Grace?
restore monasteries
recognise Pope
dismiss Cromwell and other minsiters
What did the rebels carry on their march?
banner showing five wounds of Christ
Why did the protestors call it the Pilgrimage of Grace?
show peaceful intentions
How many commoners rose under shoemaker called Nicholas Merton in Louth?
3000 commoners on 2nd October
How many rebels were there by 7th October?
10,000 rebels
When did the initial rebels back down and why?
11th October King sent a message threatening the rebels
Who supported the pilgrims?
Lord Hussey
- supported Catherine of Aragon
- wanted removal of tax in peacetime
Who surrendered and joined the pilgrims?
Lord Darcy
What had been held by Lord Darcy?
town of York and Pontefract Castle
When did Duke of Norfolk meet the pilgrims?
27 October 1536
Where did Duke of Norfolk meet the pilgrims?
Doncaster Bridge
How many pilgrims captured towns in the North?
8000 pilgrims
How many men did Aske have at Doncaster Bridge?
30,000 men
How many men did Norfolk have at Doncaster Bridge?
only 8000 men
Why did Henry select Duke of Norfolk to go to Doncaster Bridge?
Catholic
strong critic of Cromwell
What did Duke of Norfolk do a Doncaster Bridge?
negotiated with pilgrims
What did Norfolk agree with pilgrims?
took list of demands to king
What did pilgrims add to their demands?
parliament must meet at York to provide better representation for North
When did Norfolk meet again with pilgrims?
6th December
What did Norfolk promise pilgrims on 6th December?
- promised them a pardon
- King would call parliament to discuss grievances
- no monasteries closed until parliament met
Why did Henry not have any intention of keeping his promise?
promises made to traitors did not have to be kept
When were the pilgrims’ demands presented to the King?
December 1536
Where did Robert Aske spend Christmas holidays?
Henry’s palace
- reassured he was taking demands seriously
What did Henry continue to do in North?
strengthen his garrison
What happened in January 1537?
castles in Hull, Beverly and Scarborough attacked by rebels
What did actions of pilgrims in January 1537 cause?
Henry cancelled pardons and sent Norfolk to North again
How many people were executed by Henry after attacks on Northern castles?
216 people executed
- 38 monks
- 16 parish priests
What happened to Robert Aske following the Pilgrimage of Grace?
July 1537 he was hanged in chains
How significant was the Pilgrimage of Grace at the time?
serious threat to royal authority
- involved all levels of society
How many men were in North involved in Pilgrimage of Grace?
50,000 armed men
How successful was Pilgrimage of Grace?
rebels accelerated changes they had tried to stop
What were the religious consequences of Pilgrimage of Grace?
- failure to stop dissolution of monasteries
- 1539 larger monasteries dissolved
What were the economic consequences of Pilgrimage of Grace?
- economy improved
- landowners bought monastery land
Who did Cromwell have killed?
Darcy
Hussey
Aske
What were the short term consequences of Pilgrimage of Grace?
- leader executed
- 216 rebels executed
- larger monasteries dissolved
- Thomas Cromwell executed
When was Thomas Cromwell executed?
1540
When were larger monasteries dissolved?
1539
What were the long term consequences of Pilgrimage of Grace?
- no more rebellions in Henry’s reign
- Henry strengthened council of North
- Henry able to develop Royal Navy with money from monasteries
- landowners bought land from monasteries
What were the causes of the English Civil War?
political conflict
religious disputes
financial issues
What did Charles I believe in?
Divine Right of Kings
When did Charles I become King?
1625
How did Divine Right of Kings cause political conflict?
- did not consult Parliament
- 11 years of tyranny
- married Catholic wife
- entered H of Commons to arrest 5 MPs
When were the Eleven years of Tyranny?
1629 to 1640
Why did Charles’ wife cause political conflict?
Henrietta Maria was French Catholic
- national hatred for French
When was ship money introduced?
1637
Who did King Charles make Archbishop of Canterbury and why did it upset people?
Archbishop Laud
- Catholic leanings
- introduced new prayer book in Scotland
What happened after the Laudian reforms?
Presbyterians joined together to sign covenant and went to war with England about it
What was the star chamber used for?
substitute for parliament
- punished puritans who wrote critically
When was the new prayer book introduced in Scotland?
1637
Why did the Eleven years of Tyranny end?
Charles needed money to fight Scottish about new prayer book
Why did Ship Money upset people?
only to paid in time of conflict by counties on coast
- paid by all counties in peacetime
Who refused to pay ship money?
John Hampden
What worried Parliament about Earl of Strafford?
he would help Charles rule England with an Irish army
When did Parliament take control of army?
1640 to supress Irish rebellion
What was the new prayer book called?
Anglican book of prayer
When did English Civil War begin?
August 1642
When did Charles I declare war on parliament?
August 1642
Who presented Charles with a list of demands?
Parliament led by John Pym and John Hampden
What did the demands of Pym and Hampden include?
- reversing Laudian reforms
- no taxes without parliament’s agreement
- regular calling of parliament
- advisers to king to be from parliament
How did Charles respond to demands made by parliament in 1640?
had to agree because he wanted money to fight Scots about Anglican Prayer Book
When did Parliament propose demands to Charles 1?
1640
What was presented to Charles in 1641?
The Grand Remonstrance
What was the Grand Remonstrance?
list of demands to further reduce power of Charles
When were the 19 Propositions made to the King?
1642
What were the demands in the 19 Propositions?
- Parliament should control army
- all ministers to be approved by Parliament
- Parliament should control church
- parliament should control education of King’s children
Who fought on Charles’s side?
Cavaliers or Royalists
Who fought on Parliament’s side?
Roundheads or Parliamentarians
What type of people fought for Charles?
wealthy landowners
What type of people fought for Parliament?
middle class
peasant workers
Where did support for Charles come from?
North
Where did support for Parliament come from?
South and London
- merchants and businessmen unhappy about tax
Why did some MPs support Charles?
believed Parliament’s demands went to far
- Grand Remonstrance
Which religion were those who supported Charles?
moderate protestants
Catholics
Which religion were those who supported Parliament?
Puritans
When was the Battle of Edgehill?
1642
When was the Battle of Marston Moor?
1644
When was the Battle of Naseby?
1645
What happened at the Battle of Marston Moor?
decisive victory for Parliamentarians
What happened at the Battle of Naseby?
sealed Royalists’ defeat
What was Charles tried for in 1649?
treason
What was Charles’ punishment in 1649?
execution
What did both sides use in English Civil War?
infantry
Calvary
Who was John Pym?
puritan MP who played leading part in Grand Remonstrance and attempt to impeach Buckingham
Who was Oliver Cromwell?
puritan MP who created New Model Army and took control of country in 1653
Who were puritans?
strict protestants becoming more influential
What effect did the New Model Army have?
swung balance of Civil War in favour of Parliamentarians
What were the ideas of Levellers?
- abolition of church tithes
- ending of monopolies
- free speech
- political rights for women
- annual parliament
- no one above justice
What were the ideas of the Diggers?
- property was theft
- all should live by their own work on the land
How many men were in the New Model Army?
14,000 men
When was the New Model Army first used?
Battle of Naseby in 1645
What was different about the New Model Army?
- recruited on ability not authority
- disciplined ; lived by strict moral and religious code
- not allowed to drink or swear
What was different about the tactics of the New Model Army?
- approached slowly
- manoeuvred behind and attacked from rear
How influential was New Model Army?
- victory at Naseby considered turning point
- end of King’s great army
- went on to capture Bristol and Oxford
When did King Charles surrender to Scottish army?
1647
- handed him to New Model Army
What did Charles during his negotiations with Parliament?
encouraged Scottish army to invade
made Church Presbyterian
When and why did Thomas Pride’s regiment surround parliament?
December 1648 to prevent entry of those who supported King
- Pride’s Purge
How many commissioners turned up to trial of Charles I?
68 OUT OF 135
What were the moral justifications for King Charles’ execution?
court heard that Charles had approved ill treatment of parliamentary forces during war
What were the religious justifications for King Charles’ execution?
king’s defeat was sign of God’s providence
What were the economic justifications for King Charles’ execution?
people wanted end to taxes they had endured such as Ship Money
What were the political justifications for King Charles’ execution?
sense of freedom as ordinary man had influence
What were the positives of Cromwell as Lord Protector of England?
- victory over Dutch and Spanish
- introduced navigation act in 1651
- free to worship
- man for ordinary people
What were the negatives of Cromwell as Lord Protector of England?
- Major Generals
- stopped Christmas
- sieged on Drogheda
- killed surrendered townspeople
- gave land to Protestants in Ireland but took from Catholics
Who invited Charles II to become King in 1660?
General Monck
What were the short term consequences of English Civil War?
- Commonwealth
- Protestantism increases
- end of monarchy
- political instability
- fear in European monarchies
What were the long term consequences of English Civil War?
- Glorious Restoration
- Declaration of Breda
- monarch not allowed in House of Commons
- basis for England’s Empire due to military victory
What was the Glorious Restoration?
Charles II becoming monarch
What was the Declaration of Breda?
- pay army fairly
- meet with parliament
- forgive those who opposed father
What was the Glorious Revolution?
1668 invasion by William and Mary of Orange
What was the long term consequence of Glorious Revolution?
kings never able to do anything without consulting Parliament
What was the significance of the English Civil War?
- monarch trialled and executed
- parliament’s power increased
How was the English Civil War insignificant?
Lord protector - basically king
son Richard became King after - heir
What had Britain done during 1700s?
took control of other parts of world
How many separate colonies were there in America?
13
Give examples of colonies in America on the East Coast
Massachusetts
New Jersey
Georgia
How many settlers were there in 1775 in North American colonies?
2.5 million settlers
What were the long term causes of the American Revolution?
- resented paying for soldiers
- Navigation Acts
- disagreed with land boundaries
When did the Seven Years War begin with France?
1756
How did Seven Years War effect American colonists?
had to pay costs of soldiers
What were the medium term causes for the American Revolution?
- no representation
- stamp tax
What were the short term causes for the American Revolution?
- Boston Massacre
- Boston Tea Party
- Lexington Incident
How did people from the colonies identify?
American, not British
How did colonists feel they were treated by British?
bossed about
- given boundaries they could not cross
What prevented colonists accessing good farmland?
Britain’s agreement with Native Americans
How did colonists feel about paying for British Army?
resented it
- treated them poorly
When was the Boston Massacre?
March 5 1770
What happened at the Boston Massacre?
British soldiers shot and killed serveral people
What was the colonists saying about British legislation?
no taxation without representation
What did colonists lack and want?
representation in parliament
Why did Britain want a large colony?
tax colonists and generate income
What were colonists forced to buy?
heavily taxed imported British tea
- Boston tea party of 1773
When was the Boston Tea Party?
1773
What did the Navigation acts ensure?
only British goods could be imported into America
When was the Quartering Act?
1763
What was the Quartering Act?
colonists forced to feed and provide lodgings to British soldiers
How did the British respond to the Boston Tea Party?
closed port of Boston
- preventing imports or exports
What were colonists forbidden from doing under Navigation act?
trading with other countries
What did Britain restate in 1766?
formally restated rights to bind colonies to ‘Crown of Great Britain’
What were heavily taxed by British?
colonists most profitable exports
- sugar, tobacco, cotton, textiles
What was the most significant legislation placed on colonists?
Declaratory Act
When was the Declaratory Act?
1776
What was the Declaratory Act?
British government had full power over colonies in British Empire
- right to use force to ensure compliance with laws
When was the Sugar Act?
1763
What was the Sugar Act?
levied new duties on imports of textiles, wines, coffee and sugar
- affected economies
When was the Stamp Act?
1765
What was the Stamp Act?
levied direct tax on printed materials for legal and commercial use
- newspapers, pamphlets, playing cards, dice
When was the Currency Act?
1764
What was the Currency Act?
made sure British traders were protected from trading in depreciated currency
- economy managed on interests of merchants not colonists
When was the Lexington Incident?
1775
How many men were involved in the Lexington Incident?
20,000 minutemen
- farmers, clerks, ploughboys ; untrained
How did British victory in Seven Years War cause American Revolution?
- freed colonists from need for protection against French
- free rein to working for independence
How did Thomas Paine contribute to American Revolution?
1776 published ‘Common Sense’ pamphlet
How many copies of ‘Common Sense’ were sold?
500,000 in a few months
What happened at the Boston tea Party?
colonists boarded East Indian Company tea clipper and tipped tea into sea
Who became leader of army in America?
George Washington in 1775
When and where was a Declaration of Independence issued?
1776 in Phillidelphia
How long did the colonists and the British fight for?
seven years
Who initially dominate fighting in American Revolution?
experienced British
What were the British unsuited to?
forested mountains
Who supported the colonists?
French - supplied men, ammunition and naval support
What was the decisive conflict of American Revolution?
Battle of Yorktown in 1781
When was Battle of Yorktown?
1781
How many men did colonists reinforce their army with?
3000 men
Why did Charles Cornwallis move to peninsula?
French secured waters around Yorktown - Britain could not get supplies
When did Washington attack British troops?
when they had moved to peninsula
Who was John Adams?
one of leaders for independence movement
Who was John Wilkes?
introduced first ever Bill arguing for parliamentary reform in 1776
What is the significance of American Revolution?
- Declaration inspired by Magna Carta
- first time colony rose up against European power
- rejected European rule and became independent
What were the consequences of the American Revolution for America?
- set up government with constitution, congress and president
Why was the American influential slightly insignificant on America?
- poor people didn’t get vote despite Declaration of Independence stating ‘all men created equal’
- slavery continued
- Native Americans discriminated
What were the consequences of the American Revolution for Britian?
- tarnished / humiliated
- relations with France worsened
- threat of colonies or working class rising up
- India became important
- NZ and AUS used as penal colonies
What did Britain use America as?
penal colony
What were the consequences of the American Revolution for France?
- inspired French Revolution
- King Louis XVI executed
- inspired British working class and other countries to demand voting rights and better representation
What were the global consequences of American Revolution?
inspired working class in other countries to demand voting rights and better representation
What did American Revolution generate in Britain?
support for radicals
- demanding change in voting system and power distribution
- ruling elite seen as corrupt
What did American Revolution spark debate for?
rationale for having Empire debated
Why was Britain not economically ruined by American Revolution?
trade with Canada and India grew rapidly to replace it
